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Toxicological studies of Perak River water using biological assay
Published in Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi, Engineering Challenges for Sustainable Future, 2016
T.S. Abd Manan, A. Malakahmad, S. Sivapalan
Genotoxic effects can be classified into clastogenic (CE) and aneugenic (AE). CE effects on the structural chromosomes such as chromosome losses (CL), chromosome bridges (BD) and breaks (BR) causing sections of the chromosome to be deleted, added or rearranged. Moreover, cells that are supposed to be exterminated are not removed. These can lead to carcinogenesis. It will also cause teratogenic effects by increasing the frequency of abnormal germ cells in paternal males leading to impaired development in fetus. Binucleated cells (or multipolarity) (BC) are commonly found in cancer cells (Radiæ et al. 2010).
Alkaline-extracted cyanide from cassava wastewater and its sole induction of chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa L. root tips
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Adewale Kayode Ogunyemi, Akeem Akindele Abayomi, Rachael Oluwatosin Opawale, Titilola Aderonke Samuel, Matthew Olusoji Ilori, Olukayode Oladipo Amund, Babajide Ibitayo Alo
Figure 4 represents the micrograph of the observed chromosome aberrations. There was no chromosomal aberration in the control, which had a MI value of 9.43% (for all samples). Chromosomal aberrations were induced at all concentrations of the cyanide extract and were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Microscopic assessment gives an insight to extent of chromosomal damage and disturbing cell division and likewise provides information on the acute toxicity of the potential mutagen. In this present study, few chromosomal aberrants obtained include attached chromosome, bridged chromosome, c-mitosis, laggard, multipolar, sticky chromosome and vagrant chromosome. C-mitosis is characterized by the development of metaphase to anaphase and therefore resulting in polyploidy [44]. Chromosome becomes sticky with delayed separation resulting in chromosomal bridges [45]. Chromosomal bridges mainly develop because of the non-disjunction of sticky chromosomes or breakage and reunion during separation at anaphase [46]. According to [45], stickiness is caused by increased contraction or condensation of chromosomes. The authors further reported that toxic effects are usually irreversible and eventually lead to death. Sticky chromosomes indicate that the pollution is affecting the organization of the chromatin and this effect is a connection to a disturbed balance in the quantity of histone or other proteins [47]. The occurrence of binucleated cells was the result of inhibition of the cytokinesis process of cell division. The presence of binucleated cells was reported by several investigators in several genera following chemical treatments [48]. The inability of chromosomes to remain connected to the spindle fibres results in lagging chromosomes [45,49]. Our results confirm previous findings dealing with the effects of various on living systems [50].