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GB 3D Models from Ultrasound Images
Published in Wenguang Li, Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Biomechanical Modelling with Physiological and Clinical Elements, 2021
Ultrasound/ultrasonography is a sensitive non-invasive screening tool on the diagnosis of biliary tract and GB disorders since 1970s (Bartrum et al. 1977; Kishk et al. 1987; Fitzgerald and Toi 1987; Nelson and Pretorius 1998; Portincsa et al. 2003; Xu et al. 2003; Irshad et al. 2011; Frank and Kurian 2016; Serra et al. 2016). Simultaneously, ultrasound was adopted to study GB motor function or motility by determining its real-time volume during the emptying phase to help the GB diseases diagnosis (Everson et al. 1980; Dodds et al. 1985; Hopman et al. 1985; Stolk et al. 1990; Wedmann et al. 1991; Andersen et al. 1993; Pauletzki et al. 1996; Hashimoto et al. 1999; Stads et al. 2007).
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
CT is used to assess the gallbladder and biliary tract in order to distinguish between obstructive and non-obstructive jaundice, when a wider differential diagnosis is being considered, if complications from cholecystitis are suspected and in cases where ultrasound is limited by overlying bowel gas and body habitus.
Buthionine sulfoximine and chemoresistance in cancer treatments: a systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Camila dos Reis Oliveira, Joedna Cavalcante Pereira, Andressa Barros Ibiapina, Italo Rossi Roseno Martins, João Marcelo de Castro e Sousa, Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira, Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva
All studies included in this systematic review are summarized in Supplemental material (Tables S4 and S5), including in vitro and in vivo models, and are organized by cancer type. The majority of investigations included in vitro cell culture models with BSO (n = 74; 68%). The remaining studies explored BSO in in vivo murine models of cancer (n = 13; 12%) or both (n = 22; 2%). For in vitro studies (Supplemental Tables S4), the majority of cell lines originated from human tumors (n = 82; 85%), followed by murine ones (n = 13; 14%). Only Lewandowicz et al. (2002) used primary cell cultures. The cell lines included breast (n = 23), hematological neoplasms (n = 13), ovary (n = 11), colon and rectum (n = 11), skin (n = 9), lung (n = 9), autonomic nervous system (n = 5), central nervous system (n = 4), prostate (n = 4), liver (n = 4), head and neck (n = 4), cervix (n = 3), kidneys (n = 3), sarcoma (n = 3), biliary tract (n = 2), esophagus (n = 1), and stomach (n = 1).
Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of carbon tetrachloride
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Samuel M. Cohen, Christopher Bevan, Bhaskar Gollapudi, James E. Klaunig
Epidemiology studies attempted to evaluate the relationship of CCl4 exposure with liver cancer, including some case reports. However, these case reports on liver tumors illustrate the difficulty of such evaluations, since individuals reported in these investigations possessed various confounding factors, such as alcohol abuse, liver diseases such as biliary tract disorders and possibly biliary cirrhosis (Johnstone 1948; Tracey and Sherlock 1968). Many of the older studies did not take into account adequate diagnosis of underlying liver diseases or the important confounding factors such as alcohol, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatitis virus infection, inherited disorders, or exposure to multiple chemicals in addition to CCl4 (Blair et al. 1990, 1998; Cantor et al. 1995; Blair, Decoufle, and Grauman 1979; Checkoway et al. 1984, 1984; Kauppinen et al. 2003; Kubale et al. 2005). Overall, there is essentially no reliable evidence for a carcinogenic effect of CCl4 for the liver, or for cancer in total. However, there have not been adequate studies addressing these issues that control for multiple factors needed for a proper evaluation.
Occupational exposure to aflatoxins and health outcomes: a review
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2019
Ruth Nabwire Wangia, Lili Tang, Jia-Sheng Wang
The most recognized exposure route of AFs is ingestion of contaminated food crops such as maize, groundnuts, and their products.6,7 However, other exposure routes include inhalation and direct contact through the skin or the mucosa.18–20 Continuous long-term exposure to AFs in low quantities, either via occupational inhalation or dietary consumption, are both linked to adverse health outcomes.21–23 Both routes of exposure have been associated with mucous membrane irritation, nausea, immune suppression, acute and chronic liver illnesses, and carcinogenesis.6,22,24 However, occupational exposure via inhalation is more likely to result in alveolar cell carcinoma, pulmonary adenomatosis, lung cancer, and other respiratory-related cancers.25,26 On the other hand, dietary exposure to AFs has been linked to cancers of the biliary tract, salivary gland tumors, multiple myeloma, and liver-related cancers.27–30 While there have been accounts of AF inhalation linked to liver cancers, no study to date has linked dietary exposure to AFs to respiratory-related cancers. Generally, continuous surveillance of AFs in food products, and occupational settings should be prioritized to mitigate long-term devastating health effects associated with AF exposure in human populations.