China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Biocatalysts: The Different Classes and Applications for Synthesis of APIs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Schrittwieser et al. (2011, 2011a) reported the chemoenzymatic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine, berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Staring from N-methylphenethylamine and phenylacetic acid derivatives (a and b in the opposite scheme) rac-reticuline was prepared by chemical step. The subsequent enantioselective oxidative C–C bond formation, yielding (S)-scoulerine was achieved by the action of the flavin-dependent berberine bridge enzyme (BBE); (S)-scoulerine acts as a sedative and muscle-relaxing agent and is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor (Cheng et al., 2008). In 2014, Schrittwieser et al. developed a chemoenzymatic deracemization by means of a cascade reaction, involving two enantioselective oxidation steps and a non-stereoselective reduction reaction. For the latter they employed morpholin∙BH3 that worked better than the more often used NH3∙BH3. The enantioselective oxidations were catalyzed by a monoamine oxidase variant and BBE. The conversion of rac-benzylisochinolins to optically pure (S)-berbines was performed by stepwise or simultaneous addition of MAO, BBE and morpholino∙BH3, and yielded the products with conversions up to 98% and yields up to 88%.
Green and cost-effective synthesis, characterization and DFT studying of silver nanoparticles for improving their biological properties by opium syrup as biomedical drug and good biocompatibility
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Amineh Shafaei, Gholam Reza Khayati, Reyhane Hoshyar
One of the herbal remedies based on alcohol is OP, the ingredients of which are 10% OP powder, which is equivalent to 1% morphine. The color of this drug is reddish-brown and its taste is bitter. Due to the concentration of morphine, it is also known and used as a drug, throughout history for the treatment of many diseases and of course to an anti-pain title has been used. The reason for using OP is due to the coordinated function of different alkaloids with different effects, which has led to unique therapeutic properties. It can be described as multiple drugs because each of the components of the drug has different properties that together play a specific therapeutic role in the regeneration of destructive systems. In OP, there are more than 25 types of effective drug alkaloids that make up a quarter of the weight of OP and the other three-quarters of the weight of the perch, pectin, albumin, Caucho, resin and mineral salts, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphate. Sugars contain lactic acid, lactic acid, neutral substances such as meconin and porphyrin, which do not play a role in the green synthesis of nanoparticles and do not affect each of these substances. The giver behaves very harmoniously and balanced. Alkaloids are part of a complex that has healing properties that include about 25 types of alkaloids, including mucilage, noscapine, codeine, piperazine, thebaine, allocryptopine, berberine, coptisine, and canadine. Therefore, the drug used as OP contains about (10–20) wt. % alkaloid as well as about 40 individual alkaloids with isolated structures. The basic compounds tend to aggregate in the plant as simple plant acids or their meconate salts. In this regard, morphinans (8–17 wt.%), thebaine (0.1–2.5 wt.%), codeine (0.7–5 wt.%), the phthalide isoquinoline noscapine (narcotine) (1–10 wt.%) and the benzylisoquinoline papaverine (0.5–1.5 wt.%) are considered as the main alkaloids of OP.[35,36,64]