Papaverine

Papaverine

Synthesis Plan Analysis

Published in John Andraos, Synthesis Green Metrics, 2018

Papaverine is an alkaloid found in opium that is used as an antispasmodic because of its ability to relax smooth muscle. A synthesis of this compound utilized (3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester as a key hub intermediate. Hub intermediates are used more than once in a synthesis owing to their repeated structural motif in the final target product. It is imperative that the synthesis sequence that makes such a hub intermediate be optimized as far as possible since that sequence is utilized more than once in the overall plan. If done successfully, this technique results in high overall material efficiency performances for the syntheses of complex structures.

Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments

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Journal Information

Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023

Kaiguo Xia, Xudong Shen, Xiaojie Ang, Bingbing Hou, Yang Chen, Kaiping Zhang, Zongyao Hao

Papaverine hydrochloride is an alkaloid that has a nonspecific relaxing effect on ureteral smooth muscle by inhibiting cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Antonowicz M [78] et al. added papaverine hydrochloride (PAP) into poly(lactide-glycolide) (PLGA) coating, and dip-coated it on the surface of polyurethane ureteral stent, then found that the drug release of the coating is controllable in the dynamic vitro model with artificial urine (AU) up to 30 days. It means that this coating may be used clinically in the future to relieve pain after intubation and treat some upper urinary tract diseases [79].

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Synthesis Plan Analysis

Surface modification of ureteral stents: development history, classification, function, and future developments