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Biocatalysts: The Different Classes and Applications for Synthesis of APIs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Schrittwieser et al. (2011, 2011a) reported the chemoenzymatic synthesis of optically pure (S)-scoulerine, berbine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Staring from N-methylphenethylamine and phenylacetic acid derivatives (a and b in the opposite scheme) rac-reticuline was prepared by chemical step. The subsequent enantioselective oxidative C–C bond formation, yielding (S)-scoulerine was achieved by the action of the flavin-dependent berberine bridge enzyme (BBE); (S)-scoulerine acts as a sedative and muscle-relaxing agent and is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor (Cheng et al., 2008). In 2014, Schrittwieser et al. developed a chemoenzymatic deracemization by means of a cascade reaction, involving two enantioselective oxidation steps and a non-stereoselective reduction reaction. For the latter they employed morpholin∙BH3 that worked better than the more often used NH3∙BH3. The enantioselective oxidations were catalyzed by a monoamine oxidase variant and BBE. The conversion of rac-benzylisochinolins to optically pure (S)-berbines was performed by stepwise or simultaneous addition of MAO, BBE and morpholino∙BH3, and yielded the products with conversions up to 98% and yields up to 88%.
Green and cost-effective synthesis, characterization and DFT studying of silver nanoparticles for improving their biological properties by opium syrup as biomedical drug and good biocompatibility
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Amineh Shafaei, Gholam Reza Khayati, Reyhane Hoshyar
Previous studies, as shown in Table 2,[32–34] have shown the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Papaver somniferum without any further purification. OP, i.e., a standard drug, is generally used as an essential agent to help compensate for cancer patients' pain and as a pain reliever. The overall purpose of this study and the innovation created by previous studies is to use OP, which is the source of several benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and sanguinarine. These compounds have pharmaceutical effects such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, tryptophan, steroids, and phenylpropanoids, and have antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and other effects. Therefore, OP contains chemical compounds with different functional groups that can cause the formation and stability of silver.[35,36]