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Classification I: training & predicting
Published in Tiffany Timbers, Trevor Campbell, Melissa Lee, Data Science, 2022
Tiffany Timbers, Trevor Campbell, Melissa Lee
As with all data analyses, we first need to formulate a precise question that we want to answer. Here, the question is predictive: can we use the tumor image measurements available to us to predict whether a future tumor image (with unknown diagnosis) shows a benign or malignant tumor? Answering this question is important because traditional, non-data-driven methods for tumor diagnosis are quite subjective and dependent upon how skilled and experienced the diagnosing physician is. Furthermore, benign tumors are not normally dangerous; the cells stay in the same place, and the tumor stops growing before it gets very large. By contrast, in malignant tumors, the cells invade the surrounding tissue and spread into nearby organs, where they can cause serious damage [Stanford Health Care, 2021]. Thus, it is important to quickly and accurately diagnose the tumor type to guide patient treatment.
Swarm Optimization and Machine Learning to Improve the Detection of Brain Tumor
Published in Shikha Agrawal, Manish Gupta, Jitendra Agrawal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Kamlesh Kumar Gupta, Swarm Intelligence and Machine Learning, 2022
The benign tumors exhibit a normal cellular appearance when viewed under the microscope. The borders do not spread, are visible distinctly and grow very slowly. Surgery is considered to be the most effective treatment for benign tumors. The benign tumors can be life threatening if they are located in vital parts of the brain as the surgery process may impact the way of working of the vital areas. On the other hand the brain tumors that grow rapidly are called malignant. The malignant tumors are life threatening, sometimes also referred to as brain cancer. These tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body but can spread within the brain and spine. As these tumors send roots to the normal adjoining tissues no distinct borders can be found in them. They shed cells that reach the distant parts of brain and spine through the cerebrospinal fluid.
Smart Functionalised-Dendrimeric Medicine in Cancer Therapy
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Vijay Mishra, Manvendra Singh, Pallavi Nayak
Cancer is the uncontrolled development of abnormal cells with a faster rate as compared to normal cells. Such abnormal cells damage the healthy tissues of the body and promote the expansion of cancer (Figure 13.2). According to the prevalent cancer hypothesis, normal cells transform to cancerous cells via irregular structural, molecular and biochemical networking (Rajani et al. 2020). The group of cancerous cells forming an abnormal mass of tissues is considered as ‘solid tumour’, while the abnormal cells that do not form any mass of tissue are ‘leukaemia’ or blood cancer. Depending on their cell type, tumours are classified as malignant and benign tumours. A malignant tumour is a cancerous tumour, which can invade its surrounding tissues and spread all over the body. A new tumour forms, when a malignant tumour separated out from the parent tumour and passes through the lymphatic system (or blood) from their main site to another site. The benign tumour is a non-cancerous tumour, which does not grow and spread like malignant tumours. If the infected cells exert pressure on the vital organs, the benign tumour can become more harmful. Gene mutation caused by heritage or non-heritage factors is responsible for the growth and proliferation of anomalous cells (Rajani et al. 2020).
A novel model of feature extraction for lung cysts detection in CT image using Minutiae based Mumford and Shah functional model
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2019
Cancer, tumour and nodules are located within the parenchyma of lungs. In a normal human body, cells comply with a systematised form of growth, bisection and death. Carcinoma leads to unmanageable growth of anomalous cells in a human body. The anomalous cells are collectively called as tumours and it may either be benign or malignant. Benign tumour specifies a tumour which is not harmful and it does not spread over the neighbouring tissues. On the other hand, malignant tumours quickly spread over the nearby tissue and other body parts through blood nodes/lymph nodes uncontrollably and these tumours are specified as the dangerous cancerous tumours. Cancer is the major cause of death globally. As per the world Health Organisation (WHO), 13% of entire deaths are because of carcinoma in 2018. Malignant cells will grow and begin to spread in one of the lungs or both the lungs. Although the primary lung cancer emanates in the lungs, the secondary lung cancer emerges elsewhere that later disseminates to the lungs. Left lung (LL), Right lung (RL), Bronchi trees, Lymph nodes and Mediastinum are the major parts affected by lung cancer. Figure 1 represents the lung structure with its various parts.
An optimally controlled chemotherapy treatment for cancer eradication
Published in International Journal of Modelling and Simulation, 2022
Anusmita Das, Kaushik Dehingia, Hemanta Kr Sarmah, Kamyar Hosseini
A tumor is created by the abnormal proliferation of cells, which may be classified broadly into two types: benign and malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous in nature and remain localized in the region where they originate. A tumor becomes cancerous when it is malignant in nature. Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts. Cancer cells can spread to other body parts through the blood and lymphatic systems. During the last several decades, cancer has been the leading cause of death among human beings [1].
Data Augmentation for Improved Brain Tumor Segmentation
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ankur Biswas, Paritosh Bhattacharya, Santi P. Maity, Rita Banik
Brain tumor, an assembly of uneven and irregular cells, produced by an unrestrained cell division is extended in and around the brain and is one of the most frequent basis of diseases in people globally [1]. Two main types of tumors exist, the first one is the malignant tumors that are cancerous and the second one is the benign tumors or non-cancerous. Cancerous tumors can be further categorized into the primary tumors that establish within the brain, and the secondary tumors that extend from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis tumors. Malignant tumors often grow with time while a benign tumor initially remains fixed, but if untreated, may turn into cancerous. Hence, it must be detected at its initial stage from the symptoms and need monitoring for growth in size and appearance for the sake of treatment. The primary step to distinguish a brain tumor in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demands a perfect segmentation of the tumor, which is the progression to separate the tissues of the tumor from the normal brain tissues. This task is quite challenging since tumors vary in their shape, size, texture as well as appearance [2]. MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), etc. are the different forms of clinical imaging modalities utilized to evaluate brain tumor, out of which MRI is preferably chosen one because of its non-invasive nature and also offers a wide contrast variation of tissues with a high level of resolution and accuracy in the brain. It creates a three-dimensional (3D) image of an anatomical structure that helps to obtain the crucial information for efficient pathologies. Earlier, brain tumors were delineated manually through spotting the different regions of tumor slice-by-slice which was prolonged. Researchers are carrying out multiple studies through modern imaging machinery to completely computerize the conclusion system and lessen the extracting time of costly and precise information to support health practitioners. Hence, segmentation of tumor in 3D is highly demanded and plays an essential role in effective handling of treatment.