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Ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation
Published in Abhishek Tiwary, Jeremy Colls, Air Pollution, 2017
The carcinomas are divided into melanomas and non-melanomas. For our purposes, a melanoma is a malignant tumour that arises from melanocytes – the cells of the skin that produce melanin. It is the least treatable, and hence the most important, type of skin cancer. Non-melanoma cancers are divided into basal cell carcinomas (BCCs, which account for about 75% of cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Basal cell carcinomas are raised translucent nodules, which develop slowly on the face, neck and head. Squamous cell carcinomas appear as persistent red-crusted lesions on sun-exposed skin. Chronic over-exposure increases the incidence of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Skin carcinomas are already the most common human malignancies.
A Comparative Review of the Role of Deep Learning in Medical Image Processing
Published in R. Sujatha, S. L. Aarthy, R. Vettriselvan, Integrating Deep Learning Algorithms to Overcome Challenges in Big Data Analytics, 2021
Erapaneni Gayatri, S. L. Aarthy
Skin Cancer is, for the most part, classified as non-melanoma and melanoma. Non-melanoma malignant growths, such as basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas, are not harmful and infrequently are spread to different parts of the body. This cancer is generally reparable whenever recognized in the early stages. Melanoma is the most forceful sort of skin disease, brought about by melanocytes, which create skin tone in the human body. The irregular cells of the melanoma can be spread to different organs of the body within six weeks.
Occupational skin diseases
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Basal cell carcinoma is a tumour of the epidermal epithelial cells which also demonstrates a close association between site of tumour and exposure to sunlight. However, unlike squamous cell tumours up to a third of basal cell carcinomas may develop on skin that is not chronically exposed to sunlight. Further, many of these tumours have a tendency to cluster around the skin of the eyes, nose and mouth.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) originates primarily from sunlight. Important secondary exposure sources are tanning beds, UVB phototherapy of psoriasis, and welding. The carcinogenicity of solar radiation is related to the UVR component. Approximately 5% of solar terrestrial radiation is UVR, and solar radiation is the major source of human exposure to UVR. The UV component of terrestrial radiation from the midday sun comprises approximately 95% UVA and 5% UVB; UVC and most of UVB are removed from extraterrestrial radiation by stratospheric ozone. Solar radiation induces cutaneous malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and basal cell carcinoma of the skin. The use of UV-emitting tanning devices produces cutaneous malignant melanoma and ocular melanoma. Evidence is unclear as to the relative carcinogenicity of different wavelengths of UVR (i.e. UVA, UVB and UVC).
Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Danielle Dillane, Jo Anne G. Balanay
Agricultural workers spend a significant portion of their work day under the sun, exposing them to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation for extended periods of time and increasing their risk of UV-related illnesses. Exposure to solar UV radiation is recognized as the main cause of skin cancer (Armstrong and Kricker 2001) and can cause sunburn that may increase skin cancer risk (Glanz et al. 2007). Outdoor workers have nearly two-fold relative risk of skin cancer compared to indoor workers (Schmitt et al. 2011) and are 43% more likely to develop basal cell carcinoma (Bauer et al. 2011). Occupational solar UV exposure significantly contributes to the overall UV dose, increasing workers’ risk of skin cancer (Milon et al. 2014). Specifically, farmers were found to have increased incidence and risk of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma (Szewczyk et al. 2016). Studies (Vishvakarman et al. 2001; Thieden et al. 2005; Hammond et al. 2009) found that various outdoor workers have UV doses that exceeded the 0.3 standard erythemal dose (SED) recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2004). Previous studies have measured UV exposure among outdoor workers, including farmers, using personal UV dosimeters in several countries, such as Australia, Austria, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, showing exposures exceeding occupational exposure limits (Gies and Wright 2003; Schmalwieser et al. 2010; Siani et al. 2011; Modenese et al. 2019; Serrano et al. 2009; Serrano et al. 2013; Milon et al. 2007). Beck et al. (2018) assessed the solar UV exposure of groundskeepers using area monitoring in the United States (U.S.). However, there are currently no published studies conducted in the U.S. that measured UV exposure in an agricultural setting.