China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Inorganic Particles against Reactive Oxygen Species for Sun Protective Products
Published in Claudia Altavilla, Enrico Ciliberto, Inorganic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications, and Perspectives, 2017
Lee Wilson A., Raifailovich Miriam
UV light between 280 and 400 nm is known to cause most photodamage to the skin. UV light can be classified into three levels: UVA (320–400 nm) is the longest wavelength component and, consequently, can penetrate into the dermis where melanoma is situated (Hidaka et al. 1997); UVB (280–320 nm) is mostly stopped within the epidermis and causes the inflammation known as “sunburn cell formation”; and UVC (200–280 nm), also called the germicidal rays, is the most energetic and, therefore, can cause the highest amount of damage. Fortunately, it is mostly filtered by the stratospheric ozone layer, and, therefore, is not a factor near earth’s level. However, with continual usage of chlorofluoro hydro-carbons (CFC), the depletion of this layer will eventually allow this ray to reach our skin. Nevertheless, continual exposure to the sun will eventually lead to photocarcinogenesis, which involves the suppression of the immune system, as well as photoaging of the skin, and subsequently leads to the development of basal cell carcinoma (Matsumara and Ananthaswamy 2004).
Stochastic Model to Explain the Biology and Epidemiology of the Ultraviolet Induction of Skin Cancer
Published in Ovide Arino, David E. Axelrod, Marek Kimmel, Mathematical population dynamics, 2020
Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing malignant tumor whose cells show almost no sign of maturing. BCCs typically appear as a module growing into the dermis of chronically sun-damaged skin. The tumor boundary is often composed of a thickened distorted basal membrane. The tiny filaments that usually anchor the basal cells to the membrane are gone (Kobayasi, 1970). Mitoses in the BCC tumor are frequent, with a cell cycle on the order of 9 days (Weinstein and Frost, 1970). The slow growth of the BCC, despite this high mitotic activity and the lack of cellular maturation, is then due to constant cell death from other causes (Pollack et al., 1982).
Occupational skin diseases
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
Basal cell carcinoma is a tumour of the epidermal epithelial cells which also demonstrates a close association between site of tumour and exposure to sunlight. However, unlike squamous cell tumours up to a third of basal cell carcinomas may develop on skin that is not chronically exposed to sunlight. Further, many of these tumours have a tendency to cluster around the skin of the eyes, nose and mouth.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) originates primarily from sunlight. Important secondary exposure sources are tanning beds, UVB phototherapy of psoriasis, and welding. The carcinogenicity of solar radiation is related to the UVR component. Approximately 5% of solar terrestrial radiation is UVR, and solar radiation is the major source of human exposure to UVR. The UV component of terrestrial radiation from the midday sun comprises approximately 95% UVA and 5% UVB; UVC and most of UVB are removed from extraterrestrial radiation by stratospheric ozone. Solar radiation induces cutaneous malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and basal cell carcinoma of the skin. The use of UV-emitting tanning devices produces cutaneous malignant melanoma and ocular melanoma. Evidence is unclear as to the relative carcinogenicity of different wavelengths of UVR (i.e. UVA, UVB and UVC).