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Immune Systems, Molecular Diagnostics, and Bionanotechnology
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
Immunoassays for the detection of bacterial toxins involve identification of target toxins by antibodies, followed by signal transduction and data processing. Toxins can be identified either by competitive or noncompetitive approach, based on the number of epitopes in toxins. In a competitive approach, there is a competition between immobilized antigens and free and labeled antigens to bind with limited number of antibody-combining sites such that the concentration of labeled antigen becomes inversely proportional to the concentration of free antigens with the progress of binding to the antibody. Low molecular weight toxins (monocyclic heptapeptide, microcystin) with one epitope are usually detected by competitive binding method. Noncompetitive assays can be conducted by two methods: (1) toxins are bound directly onto the transducer, which is quantified by using specific labeled antibodies and (2) two antibodies are used to bind and detect the toxin (sandwich immunoassays). After antibody-toxin binding, different methods can be used for signal transduction and readout generation. For toxin detection, different approaches such as SPR, electrochemical sensors, labeled immune reagents, and so on have been utilized along with fluorescence, luminescence, mass spectrometry, and electronic signal to improve the sensitivity of the process (Zhu et al. 2014).
Food, food safety and healthy eating
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
Bacteria that commonly cause foodborne diseases include: Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia, Shigella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. In addition, foodborne diseases can be caused by bacterial toxins (toxins generated by bacteria that may be highly poisonous), such as toxins from Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus.
An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Huiling Chen, Harpreet Singh, Neha Bhardwaj, Sanjeev K. Bhardwaj, Madhu Khatri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Wanxi Peng
Microbial phytotoxins are the products of pathogenic microbes or plant–microbe interactions and have specific molecular targets within plant cells. Both bacteria and fungi synthesize these compounds, which are called bacterial toxins and mycotoxins, respectively. The interaction between the host plant and the attacking pathogen is quite complex and depends on a large number of factors, such as the physical surroundings of the plant, plant metabolism, the bio-physiology of the plant and pathogen, and the biochemistry of plant pathogenesis (Hawkins & Crawford, 2018). Microbes often colonize, invade, and damage plant tissues and environments, such as the rhizosphere, xylem, phloem, and cell organelles. Pathogenic bacteria and fungi produce their secondary metabolites in vivo and in vitro and are associated with the development of disease symptoms in plants through their pathogenicity and virulence. Microbial phytotoxins display great structural and chemical diversity. Increasing knowledge about them has led to the development of microbial enzymes that incapacitate them and thereby help manage plant diseases. Microbial phytotoxins can also be used as receptor probes, drug conjugates, and therapeutic agents and for the diagnosis of diseases and targeted delivery of vaccines and drugs.
Use of biochar as feed supplements for animal farming
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Ka Yan Man, Ka Lai Chow, Yu Bon Man, Wing Yin Mo, Ming Hung Wong
Charcoal has a long history of use in treating digestive disorders such as diarrhea, not only in humans but also in livestock (O’Toole et al., 2016). From the end of 19th to the early 20th century, feeding a regular dosage of charcoal was widely used to improve animal health and growth performance. Activated charcoal has been administered to relieve a range of different digestive problems in various animals including colic in horses (Edmunds et al., 2016), flatulence in dogs (Giffard, Collins, Stoodley, Butterwick, & Batt, 2001) and ingested toxins in horses (Kaye, Elliott, & Jalim, 2012). It is regarded as a universal poison antidote and has been used in time-restricted medications against bacterial toxins such as those produced by Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani and Campylobacter jejuni in chickens (Prasai et al., 2016), as well as against viral animal diseases such as bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus in vitro (Toth & Dou, 2016).
Effect of Different Restorative Materials on Microleakage of Ozone Gas and Traditional Cavity Disinfectant Applied Teeth
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2019
Caries is a multifactorial infectious disease formed through the demineralization of the hard-dental tissues by acids produced by the fermentation of carbohydrates by cariogenic bacteria (Atabek, Sungurtekin, and Oztas 2012). Although it was thought that all tissues affected by cavities and decay should be removed for its treatment in the past, nowadays, only the removal of soft and denatured infected caries layer is considered (Dinc 2012). However, bacteria that is left in the cavity due to inadequate removal of tooth decay after cavity preparation, may cause major problems in restorative dentistry. Diffusion of bacteria and bacterial toxins from the cavity into the pulp can cause pulpal irritation and inflammation. This inflammation often results in secondary caries (Tuzuner et al. 2012) In order to overcome this problem, researchers recommend the use of cavity disinfectants (Kandaswamy et al. 2010; Signoretti et al. 2011) and antimicrobial cavity disinfectants such as chlorhexidine gluconate, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), iodine, benzalkonium chloride, ozone gas, and lasers are used for this purpose (Dinc 2012).