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Phytochemicals' Potential to Reverse the Process of Neurodegeneration
Published in Meenu Gupta, Gopal Chaudhary, Victor Hugo C. de Albuquerque, Smart Healthcare Monitoring Using IoT with 5G, 2021
Surekha Manhas, Zaved Ahmed Khan
Allylguaiacol is a chemical compound (phytochemical) extracted from a number of plants including cloves, nutmeg, basil, and cinnamon that show anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties with neuroprotective activities. The study was conducted to examine the effect of allylguaiacol by treating HT22 cells of hippocampus with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The free radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) act as scavengers, and their scavenging activities get enhanced with an increase in the expression of enzymes, like catalase and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), that act as anti-oxidants. Moreover it inhibits the damage caused by hydrogen peroxide in HT22 cell lines with an increase in the production of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Allyguaiacol showed potent effects by activating antioxidant enzymes with the regulation of proteins like P65 and NF-kappa beta and signaling process related to Death Domain Associated Protein (DAXX) [85]. From all these evidences, still there is no one report that describes about the regulatory mechanism of allylguaiacol toward AD.
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
The neuroprotective effects of compounds could be related with the augmentation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Rosmarinic acid neuroprotection activities is seemingly involved neuronal loss suppression, increase of synaptophysin expression and increase of BDNF levels (Fonteles et al., 2016). BDNF is a neutrophin supports the survival of neurons, growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. It further enhances learning and memory capabilities (Bowling et al., 2016). Rosmarinic acid administration (10 mg/kg daily) reversed depressive-like behaviors in rats exposed to stress and restored hippocampal BDNF (Jin et al., 2013). Furthermore, in vitro study showed that the BDNF level increased following treatment with rosmarinic acid in cultured astrocytes (Jin et al., 2013). The flavonoid luteolin, showed significant effects in modulating mRNA expression and protein secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and BDNF in cultured astrocytes (Xu et al., 2013). On the other hand, quercetin is also found to increase BDNF levels and decrease cell apoptosis in the focal cerebral ischemia rat brain (Yao et al., 2012). Carnosic acid, carnosol (Kosaka and Yokoi, 2003), and tanshinones (Zhao et al., 2015) all have shown to be neuroprotectant by enhancing the production of NGF in neuronal cells.
Biomaterials and Manufacturing Methods for Scaffolds in regenerative Medicine: Update 2015
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Bioactive molecules (Chapters 37–39) as growth factors are polypeptides that transmit signals to modulate cellular activity and tissue development such as cell patterning, motility, proliferation, aggregation, and gene expression. As in the development of the tissue-engineered organs, regeneration of functional tissue requires maintenance of cell viability and differentiated function, encouragement of cell proliferation, modulation of the direction and speed of cell migration, and regulation of cellular adhesion. For example, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) might be required to induce osteogenesis and chondrogenesis from bone marrow–derived MSCs. Also, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can be enhanced to regenerate spinal cord injury.
Neurotrophic factors and brain health in children with overweight and obesity: The role of cardiorespiratory fitness
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Mireia Adelantado-Renau, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Jose Mora-Gonzalez, Abel Plaza-Florido, María Rodriguez-Ayllon, José Maldonado, M. Victoria Escolano-Margarit, José Gómez Vida, Andres Catena-Martinez, Kirk I. Erickson, Francisco B. Ortega
Neurotrophic factors are protein members of the nerve growth factor family, which are mainly expressed in the central nervous system in humans (Lewin & Barde, 1996). Animal and human research (Bath & Lee, 2006) has suggested that some neurotrophic factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be implicated in several brain processes including neuronal proliferation, differentiation and survival, neural morphology and function, synaptic changes (i.e. long-term potentiation in the hippocampus), and neuroplasticity (Park & Poo, 2013). Other neurotrophic factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), or epidermal growth factor (EGF) may be also important for brain (Cotman, Berchtold, & Christie, 2007; İşeri et al., 2010; Thomas et al., 2016). For example, IGF-1 and VEGFA may support brain function by promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as blood vessel remodelling, survival and growth (Cotman et al., 2007), while EGF has been mainly shown to influence the growth and survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (İşeri et al., 2010) and to prevent amyloid-beta-induced damage to the brain, which in turn, may influence cognition (Thomas et al., 2016). Thus, apart from brain structure and function outcomes, these neurotrophic factors may positively affect a range of other cognitive indicators, such as executive function and academic performance.
Short-term high-Intensity interval training increases systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy women
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
Iván Rentería, Patricia C. García-Suárez, David O. Martínez-Corona, José Moncada-Jiménez, Eric P. Plaisance, Alberto JiméNez-Maldonado
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors (Nofuji et al., 2008). In the brain, BDNF is mainly expressed in the hippocampus (Katoh-Semba, Takeuchi, Semba, & Kato, 1997) and plays an essential role in neuronal viability and function (Funakoshi et al., 1993; Mowla et al., 2001). Studies in rodents have shown that BDNF facilitates neuronal encoding and circuit maintenance associated with learning and memory processes (Hall, Thomas, & Everitt, 2000; Patrick Kesslak, So, Choi, Cotman, & Gomez-Pinilla, 1998). In the periphery, BDNF regulates liver and pancreatic function (Tsuchida et al., 2001) and is involved in glucose and lipid metabolism (Hanyu et al., 2003). In addition, BDNF plays a role as part of the repair mechanisms in damaged muscles (Yu, Chang, Xiao, Li, & Zhao, 2017).
Response of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to combining cognitive and physical exercise
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Toshiaki Miyamoto, Saya Hashimoto, Hideya Yanamoto, Mai Ikawa, Yoshiki Nakano, Takashi Sekiyama, Keihou Kou, Shin-Ichiro Kashiwamura, Chisako Takeda, Hiroyuki Fujioka
Blood was sampled from an antebrachial vein into vacuum tubes. Blood for determination of plasma BDNF concentrations was stabilized with EDTA-2K. After sampling, the blood was immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 22°C, and the collected plasma was frozen and stored at −20°C until assay analysis. Plasma BDNF levels were measured by a solid-phase sandwich, two-site, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), using the BDNF Emax Immunoassay System (Promega KK, Tokyo, Japan) and an automatic ELISA microplate reader (SpectraMax M2e, Molecular Devices Japan, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The declared intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) from the manufacturer were respectively 2–9% and < 9%. The intra-assay CV for plasma BDNF measurement was 9.3% in the present study.