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Fumigants
Published in James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill, Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, 2022
James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill
Two synthetics also have nematode control uses. One is Nemacur®, an organophosphate marketed by Bayer Crop Science. Another is avermectin, marketed by Merck for agricultural use (see Chapter 12). A different formulation of avermectin is used as a veterinary medicine to treat worms and flukes in cattle, reindeer, and sheep. Avermectin is a biopesticide as defined by the EPA, since it is made by fermentation of avermitilis species and occurs naturally. It is expensive for agricultural use, and it has the potential to leave residues if used on food crops, but it can be an alternative to fumigation and can be used in planted strawberry fields in addition to fallow fields preplant. Development of new candidate nematicides is accelerating, due to the potential market demand with strawberries, hops, and other high value crops.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Avermectin is a colorless to yellowish crystalline powder. It is soluble in acetone, methanol, toluene, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in water. It is stable, and incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Abamectin is a mixture of avermectins containing about 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b. These two components, B1a and B1b, have very similar biological and toxicological properties. The avermectins are insecticidal/miticidal compounds derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis.Abamectin is used to control insect and mite pests of citrus, pear, and nut tree crops, and is used by homeowners to control fire ants. It acts on the nervous system of insects, causing paralyzing effects. Abamectin is a general use pesticide (GUP). It is grouped as toxicity class IV, meaning practically non-toxic, requiring no precautionary statement on its label.
Preparation and characterization of n-octylamine modified alginate/chitosan microspheres for controlled release of avermectin
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Guangyao Yan, Yuxi Hong, Haiyun Zhu, Changyou Li, Baohua Zhang
Avermectin (AVM) is a kind of hexadecyclic lactone compound with broad spectrum insecticidal,[16] acaricidal and nematicidal activities, which is produced by fermentation of Streptomyces avermitills.[17] The insecticidal activity of AVM is related to its ability to inhibit inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and excitatory postsynaptic potentials at neuromuscular junctions.[18] The most commonly used form of AVM is missible oil, most of which remains in the environment during use, such as in crops, in soil and animals, and in water.[19] AVM is easy to decompose under ultraviolet irradiation, which leads to short efficacy time and low utilization rate of AVM in field application. It can be effectively improved by embedding it in a carrier with certain UV resistance.[20]