China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Introduction
Published in Xiaolu Zhu, Zheng Wang, Self-Organized 3D Tissue Patterns, 2022
Tissue engineering applies principles and methods from engineering and life sciences to create artificial constructs to direct tissue regeneration or enhance tissues and organs [1, 2]. In the context of incessant development of tools and improvements, such as synthetic biology and genomic editing techniques [3], tissue engineering is playing a leading role as a multidisciplinary research branch. In order to achieve effective strategies to regenerate the functions of living tissues and organs, many cell-based tissue engineering methods have been proposed to heal or reconstitute and restore tissue functions for translational medicine. Tissue engineering emerged as a scientific field with great potentialities in the 1980s, and extensive work on it has been developed since then, which aims at regenerating skin, cartilage, bone, and many other prototypes of tissue and organ substitutes, such as nerve conduits, blood vessels, liver, and even heart. Early stage of tissue engineering was directly motivated by practical therapy demands in clinics, especially in the areas of skin replacement and cartilage repair. Skin grafts are the first engineered tissue constructs, and autologous skin grafts were the golden choice [4], yet the available donor sites of graft materials are limited. Similar to skin grafts, osteochondral transplantation techniques repair cartilage by placing the autologous donor tissue harvested from nonweight-bearing regions of the joint [5]. This technique is also limited by the rather short supply of donor tissue available. A following improved method is autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) that implants the autologous cells significantly expanded in vitro into the debrided cartilage defect. This method provides enough cells via in vitro expansion which alleviates the short supply of autologous donor tissue. However, sometimes there will be chondrocyte leakage without the retention by an artificial scaffold, providing an uneven chondrocyte distribution [6, 7]. Therefore, the structured scaffolds are required for better efficacy in tissue/organ regeneration.
Decellularized inner body membranes for tissue engineering: A review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ilyas Inci, Araz Norouz Dizaji, Ceren Ozel, Ugur Morali, Fatma Dogan Guzel, Huseyin Avci
The same group also demonstrated that matrix of decellularized peritoneum could be used for cellular delivery during anastomosis healing [163]. Another application of decellularized peritoneum is performed in orthopedics. It was reported that biocompatibility tests for its use as collagen type I/III source showed desired lack of genotoxicity [164]. Currently this membrane is commercially marketed under the brand name of ACI-MaixTM by Matricel of Germany. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) as a technique involves the isolation and then proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro, followed by the implantation of chondrocytes into the defected areas in the cartilage. Though the technique has been used for more than a decade, the use of a modified version of ACI, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI®), has become more attractive due to several surgical challenges [165]. In MACI®, isolated chondrocytes are seeded onto a collagen type I/III membrane, in this case the ACI-MaixTM collagen type I/III membrane obtained from the peritoneal cavity, after which the cell seeded-membrane is glued into the cartilage defect in an appropriate shape. In a study, it was revealed that ACI-MaixTM collagen membrane is a better candidate for MACI® application in comparison with several other membranes [166]. Many recent studies have so far been conducted using seeded ACI-MaixTM membrane to illustrate the effectiveness of the membrane in different cartilage treatments [167,168]. The reports suggested that MACI® technique which was utilized by using ACI-MaixTM resulted in improvement of defect filling and chondrocyte proliferation, thus enhanced healing response [168–170]. In a particular study, Griffin et al. demonstrated that ACI-MaixTM membrane alone showed lower healing effect compared to MACI® which is chondrocyte-cultured counterpart of ACI-MaixTM, as demonstrated in Figure 10 [170].