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Adsorption and Desorption Aspects of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Recent Applications for Water Treatments and Toxic Effects
Published in Uma Shanker, Manviri Rani, Liquid and Crystal Nanomaterials for Water Pollutants Remediation, 2022
Patricia Prediger, Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira, Natália Gabriele Camparotto, Tauany de Figueiredo Neves, Paula Mayara Morais da Silva, Giani de Vargas Brião
Shabaan et al. (2020) evaluated the potential of MWCNTs in removing cationic Auramine O (AO), Basic Violet 2B crystal (BVC) dyes, and anionic Acid Scarlet 3R (AS3) dye from wastewater. The qmax of 24.7 mg/g and 24.3 mg/g was reached for a mixture of anionic and cationic dyes, respectively. MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylic groups (MWCNTs-COOH) were used in the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes, and qmax up to 300 mg/g was obtained for both cationic dyes (Li et al. 2020c). The cationic dyes used in the above-mentioned studies were not the same, but both studies indicate the presence of electrostatic interactions between CNTs and dyes. Avcı et al. (2020) analyzed the uptake of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CP) from water by MWCNTs, and the qmax was 2 mg/g. The removal of CP by MWCNT was mainly due to electrostatic attractions, and the best isothermal and kinetics models were Freundlich and PSO, respectively.
Diagnostics
Published in Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao, Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis, 2007
When stool samples are to be processed as direct smears, specialized parasitology diagnostic and reference laboratories might be requested to investigate a sample for the presence of a variety of parasitic enteropathogens, including Cryptosporidium. In the absence of fresh or preserved, recently voided stool samples, in which the vegetative and transmissive stages of enteropathogenic protozoa can be sought, most specialized laboratories will use the formol ether (ethyl acetate) method for enteropathogenic parasite screens. Cryptosporidium can either be detected separately from other parasitic enteropathogens by staining direct smears, or as a component part of the enteropathogenic parasites screen. In the author’s laboratory, the transmissive stages of parasitic enteropathogens are sought in wet films following formol ether concentration, then the coverslip is removed, and the wet film is air-dried and subjected to auramine phenol staining (Section VIIA). Modified Ziehl Neelsen or a commercially available kit for the detection of oocysts on microscope slides by immunofluorescence (Table 6.2 and Section VIIIA) can also be used. Before removing the coverslip for Cryptosporidium staining, the wet film can be analyzed by fluorescence microscopy for Cyclospora and Isospora oocysts that autofluoresce a sky blue color under UV light.
Tuberculosis Detection from Conventional Sputum Smear Microscopic Images Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Siddhartha Bhattacharyya, Václav Snášel, Indrajit Pan, Debashis De, Hybrid Computational Intelligence, 2019
Rani Oomman Panicker, Biju Soman, M.K. Sabu
TB is mainly classified into two types: latent TB and active TB. In latent TB, the bacilli are seen in an inactive or idle state and become active in the future, whereas active TB is a serious case and can infect others. TB is detected by using conventional (bright field) and fluorescent microscope. The main difference between the two is its staining procedure; in fluorescent microscope auramine-o staining procedure is used, whereas in conventional microscope Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining is used [13]. Compared to conventional microscope, fluorescent microscope is costly and needs well-trained technicians for its operation and management; so the majority of developing countries like India and Africa use bright field microscope for TB detection [13].
Toxicity of microwave-synthesized silver-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites to the microalga Chlorella vulgaris: Comparison with the hydrothermal method synthesized counterparts
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Fatemeh Nazari, Saeed Jafarirad, Ali Movafeghi, Morteza Kosari-Nasab, Elham Mohajel Kazemi
BG-11 medium was used for washing the algal cells after centrifugation. The Auramine O aqueous solution (0.1% in 100 mL water) was used for staining the MS-Ag-rGO-treated (6 mg L−1) and untreated cells of C. vulgaris for 30 min. The stained cells were observed by a fluorescence microscope (Novel).