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Photoelectrocatalysis: Principles and Applications
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Sweta Parimita Bera, Günay Yıldız Töre, Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment, 2022
Patricio J. Espinoza-Montero, Ronald Vargas, Paulina Alulema-Pullupaxi, Lenys Fernández
In addition, the photoelectrocatalytic disinfection of water contaminated with fungi species, unicelular algae (Chlorella), and viruses (Leviviridae Fago MS2) have been studied [20]. However, still required is deeper research into the PEC efficiency on the destruction of viruses, for example poliovirus 1, hepatitis B virus, rotavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), astrovirus, bacteriophages and toxins that present a risk to human health.
Environmental sampling for disease surveillance: Recent advances and recommendations for best practice
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Joshua L. Santarpia, Elizabeth Klug, Ashley Ravnholdt, Sean M. Kinahan
Wastewater sampling for infectious disease has been important to the efforts to eradicate polio (Hovi et al. 2012) and identifying the reemergence of polio in the U.S. (Russo et al. 2022). It has also been used throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to examine circulation in communities (Wu et al. 2021) and help identify emerging outbreaks (O’Reilly et al. 2020). In addition, wastewater has been used to create seasonal profiles of noroviruses, enteroviruses and, and adenoviruses (Katayama et al. 2007) in Japan. Norovirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus, Aichi virus, parechovirus, hepatitis A virus, and hepatitis E virus have been profiled in wastewater from Sweden (Hellmér et al. 2014) prior to human outbreaks. A variety of bacteria pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus, can also be identified by qPCR of wastewater samples (Shannon et al. 2007; Ugarte-Ruiz et al. 2015). The effectiveness of this approach has led to national wastewater surveillance system for COVID-19 and its expansion to other disease is under consideration (Based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action 2023).
Activated sludge and UV-C254 for Sapovirus, Aichivirus, Astrovirus, and Adenovirus processing
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Nesserine khelifi, Pierre Pothier, Abdennaceur Hassen
Human Astrovirus (HAstVs) are small, non-enveloped, with icosahedral capsid, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA: 6–8 kb of length) viruses that belong to the Astroviridae family (Astroviruses 2013; Wohlgemuth et al. 2019). The Family of Astroviridae is divided into two genera (Avastrovirus and Mamastrovirus), which are further divided into genogroups, species, and genotypes. HAstVs are most commonly associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly and immuno-compromised and are the second or third most common cause of diarrhea among young children (Astroviruses 2013; Wohlgemuth et al. 2019). These viruses are part of the Mamastovirus genus, which included nineteen species (Mamastrovirus 1 to 19). Mamastrovirus 1 covered eight genotypes (HAstV-1 to HAstV-8). The HAstV-1, HAstV-2, HAstV-4, and HAstV-8 are subdivided into 6, 4, 3, and 3 lineages, respectively (De Grazia et al. 2011 ; Ibrahim et al., 2017a). The HAstV genome comprised three open reading frames (ORFs) inserted between 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. ORF1a and ORF1b are positioned toward the 5′ end of the genome and encoded nonstructural proteins imperative for Astrovirus replication and generation of infectious particles (Astroviruses 2013; Cortez et al. 2017; Wohlgemuth et al. 2019).
Global occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental aquatic matrices and its implications for sanitation and vulnerabilities in Brazil and developing countries
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Gleyson B. Castro, Aline C. Bernegossi, Bruno José de O. Sousa, Mara R. De Lima E Silva, Fernando R. Da Silva, Bárbara Luíza S. Freitas, Allan P. Ogura, Juliano J. Corbi
In previous studies, fungi and protozoa showed more resistance to ozone treatment compared to viruses and bacteria (Wen et al. 2020). Ozone inactivated Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts at concentrations greater than 3.0 mg L−1 for 7 min (Ran et al. 2010), while low ozone concentrations of 1.5 mg L−1 for 1 min damaged cell structures and genetic materials of chlorine-resistant bacteria, although spores showed more endurance to this process (Ding et al. 2019). Ozone improved conventional wastewater treatment by reducing viral concentrations to undetectable levels for several species, including adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, parechovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, pecovirus, picobirnavirus, parvovirus, and gokushovirus (Wang et al. 2018b). The African swine fever virus was efficiently inactivated in water by ozone with 5 mg L−1 within 1 min (Zhang, Luo et al. 2020). Regardless of the technique used, public investments in wastewater treatment to cover all types of communities are important to improve sanitation conditions.