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Risk and the Harm Caused by Healthcare
Published in Bill Runciman, Alan Merry, Merrilyn Walton, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 2007
Bill Runciman, Alan Merry, Merrilyn Walton
Until recently, there have been few national registers which allow the tracking of devices implanted in patients; the Nordic countries are an exception. There have been major problems with premature failure of certain types of artificial heart valves, of pacemakers, and of certain types of artificial joint prostheses. Efforts are underway in many countries to set up systems to ensure that devices implanted into patients are properly tracked.
A portable Raspberry Pi-based system for diagnosis of heart valve diseases using automatic segmentation and artificial neural networks
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Abdulkader Joukhadar, Louay Chachati, Mohammed Al-Mohammed, Obada Albasha
Valvular heart disease is caused by either damage or defect in one of the four heart valves, aortic, mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonary. Defects in these valves can be congenital or acquired (Kameswari et al., 2010; Zeng et al., 2016). Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or replacement (insertion of an artificial heart valve) (Amirjani et al., 2014; Cabrera et al., 2017; Rick et al., 2014). Stenosis and regurgitation represent the conditions associated with valvular heart disease. Stenosis describes a narrowing of the valve opening that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Regurgitation describes the valve's inability to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to close completely. In general, heart valve diseases include eight common classes, namely aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation (Rick et al., 2014; Zeng et al., 2016). Doppler-echocardiography is today well-established tool in the diagnosis of heart valve diseases, but it is expensive. On the other hand, auscultation (analyzing cardiac sounds) is one of the cheap techniques commonly used by physicians for diagnosis. It is simple and effective; however, it needs long-term training and expertise (Singh et al., 2017). Therefore, many studies have been conducted toward designing systems based on the digital analysis of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy of physicians. In the field of heart valve disease diagnosis, which is based on PCG signals, most of the studies deal with computer-based systems that can only diagnose few valvular heart cases. Systems are devised in (Ahmad, 2011; Grzegorczyk et al., 2016; Hofmann et al., 2016) to interpret the condition of heart valves as normal or abnormal without further classifying the abnormal ones, while in (Emre & Uguz, 2011; Uğuz, 2012), the valvular heart condition is interpreted as one of the three cases (normal, mitral stenosis, pulmonary stenosis). Furthermore (Noman et al., 2018) presents a novel system to diagnose four valvular heart cases (normal, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation), whereas in (Safara et al., 2013; Suboh et al., 2008; Suhas et al., 2017), five valvular heart cases (normal, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation) are diagnosed. In (Kumar et al., 2018), a system is devised to diagnose five heart valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis). According to the aforementioned approaches, the maximum number of the diagnosed valvular heart cases is five, not to mention that the diagnosis process is performed by processing a pre-recorded PCG signal, which means these systems cannot clinically examine the patient to provide the diagnosis result as fast as possible.