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Bioprinting of living aortic valve
Published in Ali Khademhosseini, Gulden Camci-Unal, 3D Bioprinting in Regenerative Engineering, 2018
D.Y. Cheung, S. Wu, B. Duan, J.T. Butcher
The human heart consists of four heart valves, all of which direct unidirectional blood flow through the cardiovascular system via opening and closing of compliant valvular leaflets. Among the four valves, the aortic valve—situated between the left ventricle and the aorta—experiences the most challenging hemodynamic environment and is also the primary valve that becomes diseased. Valvular heart disease (VHD) can be characterized by damage or defect to the valves, mainly either through leaflet stenosis (stiffening of leaflets) or insufficiency (regurgitation of blood from retracted leaflets) (Nishimura 2002). The heart compensates the reduced blood flow by enlarging its muscles to pump more blood, thereby reducing its elasticity, which can lead to heart failure.
Surface engineering in artificial heart valves
Published in Surface Engineering, 2023
Lakshmi Gopal, Tirumalai Sudarshan
Valvular heart disease refers to any cardiovascular condition that affects one or more of the heart’s four valves: the aortic and mitral valves on the left side of the heart, and the pulmonic and tricuspid valves on the right side. While these conditions primarily develop as a result of aging, they can also be caused by congenital abnormalities, specific diseases, or physiological processes such as rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy. Surgical replacement of the faulty valve with prosthetic valves remains the preferred and most effective treatment for all types of VHD. In 2020, over 180,000 heart valve replacements were performed in the US alone [1]. Charles Hufnagel is considered the pioneer in the design of prosthetic heart valves. The first Hufnagel heart valve was implanted in 1952 using a Lucite tube and methacrylate ball in the descending aorta. Over the past century, significant advancements have been made in the development of prosthetic heart valves, and continuing research is dedicated to engineering optimal designs. [2] (Figure 1).
Diagnosis, treatment & management of prosthetic valve thrombosis: the key considerations
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Sabahattin Gündüz, Macit Kalçık, Mustafa Ozan Gürsoy, Ahmet Güner, Mehmet Özkan
Surgical replacement with a mechanical or biological valve and percutaneous valve implantation are currently the gold standard and well-established definitive therapies for most patients with severe native valvular heart disease [1,2]. However, the replacement of a prosthetic heart valve is not devoid of complications neither in the periprocedural phase nor in the long-term follow-up period. Hence, valve replacement can be considered as a swap between native and artificial valve diseases. PHVT is relatively uncommon but still one of the most frequently encountered and life-threatening complications of prosthetic valves including endocarditis, paravalvular leakage, pannus formation [3]. It is most common in the tricuspid position followed by mitral and aortic locations [3–6].
A portable Raspberry Pi-based system for diagnosis of heart valve diseases using automatic segmentation and artificial neural networks
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Abdulkader Joukhadar, Louay Chachati, Mohammed Al-Mohammed, Obada Albasha
Valvular heart disease is caused by either damage or defect in one of the four heart valves, aortic, mitral, tricuspid, or pulmonary. Defects in these valves can be congenital or acquired (Kameswari et al., 2010; Zeng et al., 2016). Treatment of damaged valves may involve medication alone, but often involves surgical valve repair or replacement (insertion of an artificial heart valve) (Amirjani et al., 2014; Cabrera et al., 2017; Rick et al., 2014). Stenosis and regurgitation represent the conditions associated with valvular heart disease. Stenosis describes a narrowing of the valve opening that prevents adequate outflow of blood. Regurgitation describes the valve's inability to prevent backflow of blood as leaflets of the valve fail to close completely. In general, heart valve diseases include eight common classes, namely aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and tricuspid regurgitation (Rick et al., 2014; Zeng et al., 2016). Doppler-echocardiography is today well-established tool in the diagnosis of heart valve diseases, but it is expensive. On the other hand, auscultation (analyzing cardiac sounds) is one of the cheap techniques commonly used by physicians for diagnosis. It is simple and effective; however, it needs long-term training and expertise (Singh et al., 2017). Therefore, many studies have been conducted toward designing systems based on the digital analysis of the phonocardiogram (PCG) signal in order to improve the diagnostic accuracy of physicians. In the field of heart valve disease diagnosis, which is based on PCG signals, most of the studies deal with computer-based systems that can only diagnose few valvular heart cases. Systems are devised in (Ahmad, 2011; Grzegorczyk et al., 2016; Hofmann et al., 2016) to interpret the condition of heart valves as normal or abnormal without further classifying the abnormal ones, while in (Emre & Uguz, 2011; Uğuz, 2012), the valvular heart condition is interpreted as one of the three cases (normal, mitral stenosis, pulmonary stenosis). Furthermore (Noman et al., 2018) presents a novel system to diagnose four valvular heart cases (normal, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation), whereas in (Safara et al., 2013; Suboh et al., 2008; Suhas et al., 2017), five valvular heart cases (normal, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation) are diagnosed. In (Kumar et al., 2018), a system is devised to diagnose five heart valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis). According to the aforementioned approaches, the maximum number of the diagnosed valvular heart cases is five, not to mention that the diagnosis process is performed by processing a pre-recorded PCG signal, which means these systems cannot clinically examine the patient to provide the diagnosis result as fast as possible.