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High-Dose Immune Suppression without Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Autoimmune Diseases
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Aplastic anemia is a potentially fatal bone marrow failure disorder that manifests as pancytopenia in conjuction with a hypocellular bone marrow. The disease is classified as moderate, severe and very severe. Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is defined as bone marrow cellularity of less than 25% and markedly decreased values of at least two of three hematopoietic lineages (neutrophil count <0.5 × 109/L, platelet count <20 × 109/L and absolute reticulocyte count of <60,000). Very severe aplastic anemia satisfies the above criteria except the neutrophil count is <0.2 × 109, while moderate aplastic anemia is characterized by a hypocellular bone marrow but with cytopenias that do not meet the criteria for severe disease. The 2 year mortality rate with supportive care alone of patients with severe or very severe aplastic is roughly 80%,1 necessitating prompt therapeutic intervention. In contrast, moderate aplastic anemia is seldom life-threatening and in many instances requires no therapy.
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) is a malignant cancer that develops in a person’s white blood cells, called lymphocytes. White blood cells are used by the body to ward off disease and infection. ALL is rare among adults, but is the prevalent form of leukemia in children. Nearly 85% of leukemia in children is ALL. In adults, the disease may be related to genetics or exposure to solvents containing benzene. In people that develop ALL (and other types of acute leukemia), white blood cells do not grow properly. Because of some change or damage to their genetic material or DNA that scientists do not fully understand, the cells are prevented from growing beyond a certain point early in their development, and they cannot differentiate into functional types of white cells. Long-term exposure to benzene increases the risks of getting cancer, however cancer linked to benzene has been discovered in people exposed for less than 5 years. Workers exposed for decades are at increased risk for these rare forms of leukemia and long-term exposure may also adversely impact on bone marrow and blood production. Still other workers have been diagnosed with aplastic anemia, a group of disorders that prevent the bone marrow from producing all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Monitoring for Toxicological Risk
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
Often the contaminant of greatest concern on a petroleum spill or remediation site is benzene with a PEL of 1 ppm. Benzene (C6H6) is a common component of gasoline and petroleum products, especially the higher-octane gasolines. Benzene is a colorless to light-yellow liquid with an aromatic odor. Exposure can cause symptoms of dizziness, light-headedness, headaches, and vomiting. High exposures may cause convulsions and coma and irregular heartbeat. Repeated exposure can damage the blood-forming organs, causing aplastic anemia. Long-term exposure can cause drying and scaling of the skin. Benzene is an A1 carcinogen proven to cause leukemia in humans.
Biodegradation of phenol and benzene by endophytic bacterial strains isolated from refinery wastewater-fed Cannabis sativa
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Aneela Iqbal, Muhammad Arshad, Imran Hashmi, Raghupathy Karthikeyan, Terry J. Gentry, Arthur Paul Schwab
Monoaromatic compounds such as benzene, phenol, and catechol are an important group of environmental pollutants, known for their hazardous and persistent nature along with adverse effects on biota [1]. Such compounds are extensively utilized in various industrial processes and agricultural practices, while considerable concentrations of phenolic compounds are found in the oil refinery wastewater streams. In comparison to other monoaromatic compounds, phenol and benzene are highly soluble in water (appx. 8 g L−1 for both) [2]. Vaporization of these into the atmosphere leads to airborne diseases as well. Inhalation exposure (short term) by humans can cause dizziness and headaches as well as skin irritation. Long-term exposure may lead to blood disorders such as leukemia (reduced number of red blood cells) and aplastic anemia. Long-term exposure among pregnant women may harm the fetus, resulting in reduced birth weight, bone marrow damage, and delayed bone formation [3]. Long-term exposure to phenolic compounds may lead to liver and kidney failure [4]. Based on the toxicity to humans and aquatic organisms, benzene is included in the Group A list of 126 priority pollutants classified as human carcinogens [5].