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Evaluation of Food and Food Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Antiandrogens act as androgen receptor antagonists, inhibitors of 5α-reductase activity, and/or inhibitors of steroidogenesis. In addition to vinclozolin, other agents (or their metabolites) that have been identified as antiandrogens include p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (insecticide), flutamide, and Casodex (pharmaceuticals developed to treat prostate cancer), finasteride (pharmaceutical developed to treat benign prostate hyperplasia), methoxychlor (pesticide), procymidone (fungicide), linuron (herbicide), ketoconazole (fungicide), and certain phthalate esters (plasticizers). For finasteride, which acts as a 5α-reductase inhibitor, the dose response for reduction in anogenital distance (linear) was different than that for increased hypospadias (threshold-appearing).
Convenient synthesis of N-sulfonyl α-hydroxyamides via DMSO oxidation of N-alk-1-ynylsulfonamides
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Jiayi Wang, Dongning Sheng, Duo Fu, Jiaxi Xu
α-Hydroxyamides are the crucial structural motifs in some bioactive molecules and also have been widely used as synthetic intermediates [1]. Many medicine molecules containing α-hydroxyamide fragments exhibit anticancer activities and analgesic effect [2,3]. For example, bicalutamide has been used in the treatment of the prostate cancer [4]. Hydroxyflutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug [5]. Iopamidol is applied as a nonionic iodized contrast agent for cardiovascular disease clinically in the medical imaging [6]. Naproanilide has been utilized as herbicides in agriculture [7] (Figure 1). In organic synthetic chemistry, α-hydroxyamides have been utilized as the protective groups in the total synthesis of cyclotheonamide A [8], and synthetic intermediates for the preparation of α-substituted amides through acylation with acetic anhydride and deacetoxylative alkylation [9].
Efficient removal of cytotoxic drugs from wastewater by single-stage combined photocatalysis–algae treatment process
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Farnaz Kouchakpour, Naz Chaibakhsh, Akram Sadat Naeemi
Up to now, there are few reports on the simultaneous use of algal treatment and an advanced oxidation method in a single-stage combined treatment process. The goal of the current work is to use Anabaena sp. as a low-cost and environmental-friendly blue-green alga, and nano-sized MoS2 as a cost-effective and efficient visible light-responsive photocatalyst, for the removal of the anticancer drug, flutamide (FLU) from aqueous solution in a single-stage combined process. FLU is an antiandrogen drug used to treat prostate cancer through blocking the androgen receptor sites [21]. In this study, we aimed to explore a novel microalgae-based technology for the treatment of this type of contaminant in a more efficient and less harmful way. Response surface optimization and kinetic studies were performed to investigate the treatment process.
Focal therapy for localized cancer: a patent review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Jette Bloemberg, Luigi Van Riel, Dimitra Dodou, Paul Breedveld
Neisz et al. [107] describe a probe for administering an antiandrogen that suppresses the androgen production by the testes (Figure 3(k)), for example, bicalutamide [174]. For androgen-dependent prostate cancer, androgen (typically testosterone) is required for the development of the tumor [175]. The transurethral probe contains a needle designed to be deployed against the prostate urethra. The probe includes a scope sheath with an eye-port for intra-procedural visual guidance. A similar design was presented by Barnett et al. [106] that can deliver various types of agents to block the production of essential elements for the cancer cells. Some possible agents are bicalutamide for prostate cancer cells and tamoxifen for breast cancer cells [176]. Tamoxifen inhibits estrogen binding to estrogen receptors, a binding required for tumor growth of the breast cancer cells [176].