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Biochemical Indices of Fatigue for Anti-fatigue Strategies and Products
Published in Gerald Matthews, Paula A. Desmond, Catherine Neubauer, P.A. Hancock, The Handbook of Operator Fatigue, 2017
Yasuyoshi Watanabe, Hirohiko Kuratsune, Osami Kajimoto
As has previously been mentioned, metabolic processes may produce damaging oxidative molecules such as free radicals. 8-Oxo-deoxy-guanosine (8-OH-dG) (Asami et al., 1998; Shigenaga, Gimeno & Ames, 1989) and 8-isoprostane (Roberts & Morrow, 1994) in the tissues and urine are good biomarkers of moderate to severe exercise fatigue, due to DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Lipid peroxidation refers to chemical changes in lipids such as fatty acids, which may lead to oxidative cell damage. We utilized both 8-OH-dG and 8-isoprostane for the development of an anti-fatigue food or drink component. For example, imidazole dipeptides, carnosine and anserine showed great antifatigue effects if they were taken before exercise, through the mechanisms of reduction of oxidative stress and immunosuppressive cytokine production, which resulted in lowering performance loss and fatigue sensation (Tanaka, Shigihara et al., 2008, as shown in Figure 14.3. (Cytokines are proteins important for communication between cells that modulate the functioning of the immune system, among other functions). Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and vitamin E levels also decreased in the peripheral tissues, mostly in the liver and kidney, after the fatigue load in animals, but their concentrations in the plasma and brain were constant, probably due to a compensatory process associated with the peripheral tissues.
Carnosine in health and disease
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Craig Sale, Rebecca Louise Jones
Carnosine and its analogues (anserine and balenine) are naturally-occurring histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) expressed in different tissues, such as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidneys, and some regions of the brain. Roles of HCDs include: neutralisation of reactive species, detoxification and acid-base regulation.