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Physical Hazards of Space Exploration and the Biological Bases of Behavioral Health and Performance in Extreme Environments
Published in Lauren Blackwell Landon, Kelley J. Slack, Eduardo Salas, Psychology and Human Performance in Space Programs, 2020
Julia M. Schorn, Peter G. Roma
Although the negative valence domain is critical to understand risks to physiological and psychological performance in space, the positive valence domain is no less important in the space environment. Positive valence behaviors include approach and reward-seeking, social interaction, and reduced stress responses. Reward and reinforcement processes primarily rely on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in the midbrain. GABA and glutamate input to the VTA projects dopamine to the NAcc, which is associated with the experience of pleasure or reward (Salamone, Correa, Mingote, & Weber, 2005). Decreased dopamine responses are thus associated with anhedonia and mood disorders (Berridge & Kringelbach, 2015; Heller et al., 2009; Nestler & Carlezon, 2006; Supekar et al., 2018).
Differences in C-Reactive Protein (CRP) between depression levels in ischaemic stroke patients
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
S.N. Lubis, W.H. Lubis, I. Nasution
Emotional behaviour is governed by neurotransmitters such as monoamine, and monoamine dysfunction can cause various symptoms including depression. This hypothesis explains the location of the lesion being the pathogenesis of PSD. Cerebral lesions lead to disconnected ascending projections from the midbrain and brainstem, passing thalamus and basal ganglia, and reaching the frontal cortex, leading to decreased biogenic amine bioavailability, including serotonin (5-HT), Dopamine (DA) and Norepinephrine (NE), and resulting in depressive symptoms. The ischaemic lesions that interfere with the ascending axons contain biogenic amines from the brainstem to the cerebral cortex, leading to the decreased biogenic availability of amines in limbic structures of the frontal and temporal lobes, as well as in the basal ganglia. Monoamine theory states that depression is associated with low monoamine levels, in particular 5-HT, NE and DA, and the high density of global receptors for Monoamine Oxidase (MAO-A) that metabolises these neurotransmitters. Serotonergic and noradrenergic fibres, originating from the brainstem nuclei and conserving the limbic system, the prefrontal cortex, and other structures, are associated with mood regulation. The cholinergic system, through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, is thought to be involved in the aetiology of major depression. Mesolimbic dopaminergic dysfunction can cause anhedonia. All of these pathways can be cut off by a stroke lesion, resulting in depression (Valkanova et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2017; Brethour et al., 2011).
Enhancing the efficacy of depression detection system using optimal feature selection from EHR
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sweta Bhadra, Chandan Jyoti Kumar
Four thousand one hundred and eighty-four undergraduate students from the University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis took part in the study after undergoing a basic medical check-up (Richter et al. 2020). These students were 57.4% female and 42.60% male. Because all data was made publicly available on Dryad and was entirely de-identified, this study does not fulfill the legal criteria of human subject’s research. Furthermore, the National Data Protection Authority (NCIL) authorised the study, according to the original report. The procedures used in the French investigation were in compliance with the rules governing non-interventional clinical research. The dataset consists of features such as age, gender, French nationality, field of study, year of university, learning disabilities, difficulty in memorizing lessons, etc. The base rate for the outcome of interest for depressive symptoms was 12%. Depression was assessed at several stages. The first stage was a screening questionnaire that looked at four typical signs of depression: anhedonia, lack of energy, changes in activity and sad mood. Based on the examination, human subjects were categorized into major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and control groups. For this study, we considered the MDD and control groups and mapped the identification of MDD person as a classification problem.
Nature-based rehabilitation for adults with acquired brain injury: a scoping review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2020
Anne Pernille Vibholm, Jeanette Reffstrup Christensen, Hanne Pallesen
The most common reported psychological disorders following ABI are depression, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and personality disorders. The first is accompanied by symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia and decrease in motivation. The second, GAD, is followed by symptoms of persistent, excessive and uncontrollable worries. The latter is associated with changes to thoughts and feelings about oneself and others, such as lability, aggressiveness or disinhibition, which can influence functioning (Vaishnavi et al. 2009; Ferro et al. 2016). The emotional symptoms that may appear are defined as emotional indifference, anger or disturbances of emotional expression control. In addition to psychological disorders, cognitive impairments including attention, concentration and working memory (Ferro et al. 2009), following ABI have been found to impact the individuals ability to carry out daily activities, take part in social activities, impact QoL and impede the rehabilitation process (Leśniak et al. 2008; Sundhedsstyrelsen 2011; Pallesen 2012; Goldfinger et al. 2014). This is in line with findings of Zatzick (2008), who identified a relationship between level of impairment and individual ability to carry out daily activities. Other researchers have found that challenges in participating in social activities hamper recovery (Leśniak et al. 2008; Ferro et al. 2016).
A Preliminary Study of the Correlates of Leisure Interests and Constraints Among Adults Residing in Public Housing
Published in Journal of Aging and Environment, 2022
Angie L. Sardina, Shyuan Ching Tan, Jillian Perry, Alyssa A. Gamaldo
We observed that individuals with more depressive symptoms and loneliness tended to identify a greater extent of leisure constraints. Previous research has identified that approximately 25–33% of older subsidized housing tenants experienced depressive symptoms (Cotrell & Carder, 2010), which has been identified as a constraint to leisure participation (Nimrod et al., 2012). Specifically, Nimrod and colleagues (2012) explored leisure as a coping mechanism for depression and found that involvement in leisure was related to effective coping. However, some participants experienced difficulty initiating leisure participation because of depressive symptoms (e.g., anhedonia), which resulted in a vicious cycle that further exacerbated depressive symptoms. Furthermore, loneliness (i.e., perceived social isolation) has previously been nested within related constructs (e.g., depression), given that they often co-occur and are highly correlated; however, loneliness may serve as a risk factor to depression (Barg et al., 2006) and has garnered attention as its own unique psychological construct (Cacioppo et al., 2006). Moderate to severe loneliness was identified in approximately 51% of this study’s participants, which is consistent with previous studies that have concluded that nearly 33–70% of subsidized housing residents, particularly those in senior housing, identified feelings of loneliness (Gonyea et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2018). Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that loneliness may be more prevalent than depressive symptomology among adults residing in these contexts (Taylor et al., 2018). Loneliness, the discrepancy between one’s desired and perceived social relationships (Gonyea et al., 2018), has been associated with increased risk for health disparities, reduced quality of life (Valtorta & Hanratty, 2012), poor mental health outcomes (Cacioppo et al., 2006), and early mortality (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015). Involvement in leisure (e.g., participation in physical activity and/or volunteerism) has been identified as a catalyst for the development of positive coping mechanisms designed to promote mood, encourage personal sense of purpose, and encourage social connectivity that bridges sociocultural groups (Nimrod et al., 2012). In this study, we observed depression and loneliness to be significantly associated constructs, which also demonstrated moderate to strong relationships with leisure constraints. Further research, however, is required to disentangle the complex relationships among leisure (constraints and participation), depressive symptomatology, and loneliness, specifically among individuals residing in low socioeconomic contexts.