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Pain Assessment Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Kambiz Pourrezaei, Ahmad Pourshoghi, Zeinab Barati, Issa Zakeri
fMRI data has been used to decode whether a stimulus was perceived as painful (Brodersen et al., 2012). The results show that during pain anticipation, activity in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) afforded the most accurate trial-by-trial discrimination between painful and nonpainful experiences; whereas during the actual stimulation, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, anterior insula, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and OFC were most discriminative. The most accurate prediction of pain perception during the stimulation period, however, was made by a combined activity in the pain regions, commonly referred to as the “pain matrix,” a name given to an extensive network of brain regions activated during pain perception, including somatosensory, insular, and cingulate areas, as well as frontal and parietal areas.
Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
A newer olfactory pathway that passes through the thalamus, passing to the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus and then to the lateroposterior quadrant of the orbitofrontal cortex, has been found. On the basis of studies in monkeys, this newer system probably helps in the conscious analysis of odor.14 This pathway is usually used in the exposed chemically sensitive but often an older reflex pathway is also involved.
Utilising physiological data for augmenting travel choice models: methodological frameworks and directions of future research
Published in Transport Reviews, 2023
Thomas O. Hancock, Charisma F. Choudhury
fMRI has predominantly been used to identify which parts of the brain contribute to the completion of different tasks (Rodriguez et al., 2015; Zysset et al., 2006). This includes many studies on decision-making processes, with the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex playing a key role in risky decision-making (Rao et al., 2011), the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum reflecting value, value comparison and confidence (De Martino et al., 2013; Gluth et al., 2015) and responses in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex correlating with ambiguity in choices (Hsu et al., 2005). Though fMRI has a lower temporal resolution than EEG, its outputs can be compared across different decisions. Rodriguez et al. (2015) demonstrated that larger differences in gambling options lead to less activation from fMRI outputs (implying an easier decision) and Gluth et al. (2015) demonstrated that stated food ratings correlated with fMRI outputs.
Effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval, moderate-intensity continuous and self-selected intensity exercise training protocols on cognitive inhibitory control in overweight/obese adults: A randomized trial
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Gledson Tavares Amorim Oliveira, Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy, Daniel Carvalho Pereira, Raíssa de Melo Silva, Heloiana Karoliny Campos Faro, Henrique Bortolotti, Eduardo Caldas Costa, Eduardo Bodnariuc Fontes
One of the potential mechanisms which may explain the HIIT induced changes in IC is the impact on the amplitude of the P3 neuroelectric activity in the prefrontal cortex shown after an acute intervention Kao et al. (2017). In addition, these changes may also be related to an increase in brain glucose metabolism found after 12 weeks of HIIT Robinson, Lowe, and Nair (2018). Moreover, a recent study observed greater activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left orbitofrontal cortex during the Stroop task after two weeks of HIIT Hu et al. (2021). These cerebral regions are well known to process different cognitive functions, including IC. Interestingly, our study also found that changes in cardiorespiratory fitness with HIIT training were correlated with improvements in IC. Greater cardiorespiratory fitness has been associated with higher IC in healthy young adults via greater activation of the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region related to regulating attentional demands during conflicting cognitive tasks Bento-Torres et al. (2019). Thus, even though HIIT involves shorter exercise sessions, it seems that exercising at higher intensities can be an effective alternative in improving IC in overweight/obese adults through changes in cardiorespiratory fitness.
The effect of mouth rinsing with different concentrations of caffeine solutions on reaction time
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Seda Gul Virdinli, Emine Kutlay, Yasin Yuzbasioglu, Niels B.J. Vollaard, Gulbin Rudarli Nalcakan
In support of MR as a means of administering CAF, CAF-MR has been confirmed to improve RT (De Pauw et al., 2015). Interestingly, however, it has been demonstrated that CAF-MR in the buccal cavity for a limited time (5–10 s) is too short to increase the plasma CAF concentration (Doering et al., 2014; Ehlert et al., 2020; Pickering, 2019). Thus, the ergogenic effect of CAF-MR on RT is unlikely to rely on mechanisms involving increased plasma CAF levels. Other possible mechanisms involve stimulation of nerves with direct links to the brain (Wickham & Spriet, 2018), potentially related to the bitter taste of CAF (Best et al., 2021; Matsumoto, 2013; Poole & Tordoff, 2017). In support of this, De Pauw et al. (2015) demonstrated that the improvement in RT with CAF-MR was associated with activation of both the orbitofrontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which are the attention and reward areas in the brain.