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Viruses, Pathogens, and Other Contaminants
Published in James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill, Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, 2022
James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill
In early January 2020, China reported 44 cases of pneumonia from unknown causes to the World Health Organization (2020). The initial cluster of cases was linked to a “wet market” in Wuhan, China. Shortly thereafter, a novel coronavirus was discovered to be the cause. It was ~80% identical to SARS-CoV and 96% identical to a bat coronavirus (Zhou et al., 2020). In the same study, they identified angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) as the receptor for entry to the cell (same as SARS-CoV). Symptoms in early cases included fever, upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhea, or a combination occurring 3–6 days after infection and the conditions were more severe in older patients (>65 years old) (Chan et al., 2020).
Coronavirus
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) happens to be the cellular receptor for both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is present abundantly in the lung tissue particularly in the alveolar epithelial cells and guides the entry of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 inside the lung epithelial tissue leading to infection [29]. Similarly, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) which is found upregulated in people with obstructive pulmonary disorder acts as a receptor for MERS-CoV and is responsible for guiding the entry of MERS-CoV in the lung tissue leading to infection [30].
Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19
Published in Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra, COVID-19 and Emerging Environmental Trends, 2020
Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra
Studies in mice demonstrated that the binding of S-protein (SARS-CoV-2) to ACE-2 (host cell) leads to the downregulation of the ACE-2 receptor and thereby contributes to severe lung injury (Kuba et al., 2005). This suggests that the delivery of an excessive soluble form of ACE-2 may comparatively bind with SARS-CoV-2 and not only neutralize the virus but also rescue cellular ACE-2, which regulates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system to protect the lungs from injury. Various independent studies have already found recombinant human ACE-2 to be safe with no negative hemodynamic effects in healthy subjects (Zhang et al., 2020; Haschke et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017).
Ease of restroom access influences fluid consumption habits and health in classroom teachers
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2023
Lee J. Winchester, Alison L. Hooper, Cailin J. Kerch
Although the prominence of hypertension could also be related to job-associated stressors, it was found that access to restroom breaks negatively predicted both frequency of UTIs and hypertension. Teachers who reported being able to take a restroom break whenever needed had a 45% lower incidence rate of hypertension and a 70% lower risk of UTIs. This is likely due to dehydration and inadequate water consumption since low water intake was associated with greater frequency of both UTIs and hypertension. This makes sense since infrequent flushing of the urethra promotes UTIs [15], while hyperosmolality of the blood results in hormone release that elicits vascular constriction, raising blood pressure [13]. During periods of dehydration, angiotensin II, a product of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, promotes renal sodium and water retention, thereby retaining blood fluid volume [19]. Angiotensin II production, along with low blood volume, stimulates the production of arginine vasopressin to enhance water volume retention in the blood [19]. However, both angiotensin II and arginine vasopressin are potent stimulators of arterial vascular constriction. Chronic stimulation of these factors can promote endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Thus, it is plausible that the low fluid intake associated with the teaching profession could be exacerbating the incidence of hypertension observed among teachers. Although alterations to these health measures were not directly evaluated in this research study, it is clear that there are underlying issues with teacher classroom structure that are reducing teacher health and wellness.
Drying technologies for edible insects and their derived ingredients
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Alan-Javier Hernández-Álvarez, Martin Mondor, Irving-Alejandro Piña-Domínguez, Oscar-Abel Sánchez-Velázquez, Guiomar Melgar Lalanne
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitors are the central component of the renin–angiotensin system, and this enzyme has a major role in the regulation of blood pressure. These type of peptides from a wide variety of sources have been studied in recent decades due to the increase of chronic degenerative diseases in the population.[97] Non-hydrolyzed proteins of dried powder of Tenebrio molitor larvae showed low ACE-I inhibition (2%), while proteins that had DH higher than 20% exhibited a higher ACE inhibition, with the novel peptide Tyr-Ala-Asn being the most active against ACE-I.[91] This illustrates the potential of insect protein hydrolysates as an antihypertensive ingredient in functional foods or as a dietary supplement or even a pharmaceutical product.[98]
Development and validation of novel HPTLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Telmisartan in tablet dosage form using ICH Q2 (R1) directions
Published in Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2018
Tomleshkumar B. Deshmukh, Sujata S. Deo, Farhin S. Inam, Trimurti L. Lambat
Telmisartan (TEL), chemically it is 4-{[4-methyl-6-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-2-yl)-2-propyl-1H-benzimidazole-1-yl]methyl}-2-biphenyl carboxalic acid.[4] It is an antihypertensive drug [5] having popularity in phamecutical network. It is a new angiotensin-II receptor antagonist that is highly selective for type-I angiotensin-II receptor. Angiotensin-II is the principle pressure agent of the rennin-angiotensin system with effects that comprise renal reabsorption of sodium, vasoconstriction, stimulation of synthesis and release of aldosterone cardiac stimulation.[6] Amlodipine Besylate and Telmisartan are widely used in the treatment of hypertension and available in market in the form of combined dosage form. Literature review reveals that the methods have been reported for AMB and TEL alone or in combined dosage forms are such as RP-HPLC,[7–9] spectrophotometric,[10,11] high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC),[12,13] voltammetry and ion-pair chromatographic method [5,14–16] and LC-MS methods.[17]