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Bioaerosol-Induced Hypersensitivity Diseases
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Cory E. Cookingham, William R. Solomon
Urticaria and angioedema. Urticaria (hives) and angioedema (similar changes affecting deeper skin layers) may be precipitated by antigen-specific IgE mechanisms, especially involving foods or drugs, but are seldom associated with exposure to bioaerosols. Urticaria is seen as discrete, superficial swellings, often with red haloes and prominent itching, that vary in size from millimeters to several centimeters. In most outbreaks, new hives form as older ones resolve, each lesion lasting no more than 24 h. Angioedema typically produces circumscribed swelling of mucous membranes and fleshy structures such as the eyelids, tongue, and genitalia; it may accompany hives or occur alone. These reactions have been reported (rarely) with exposures to airborne animal allergens, skin contact with penicillin aerosols (Rudzki and Rebandel, 1985), and aerosols of Hevea brasiliensis latex. However, neither the true incidence of IgE-mediated urticaria and angioedema nor the role of airborne exposure is defined.
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
The most common form of anaphylaxis is mediated by type I hypersensitivity mechanisms. In sensitized individuals, systemic antigen exposure triggers IgE-dependent activation of mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of many unique preformed mediators such as tryptase, histamine, and chemokines with various physiological functions (Loverde et al. 2018). The actions of these molecules are responsible for the subsequent emergence prototypical anaphylactic symptoms, which range from eruption of widespread urticarial lesions and angioedema in the skin, to profound bronchoconstriction with potential for respiratory insufficiency, and severe hypotension that lead to dizziness and syncope (Pawankar et al. 2013). In some cases, symptoms may be mild and readily managed with minimal intervention; comparatively, catastrophic reactions may also ensue, requiring immediate medical attention to monitor and treat life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis (Tomar and Hogan 2020). Pawankar et al. (2013) estimated that the lifetime occurrence of anaphylaxis ranges from 0.05–2% in the general population. Some of the major causative agents of anaphylaxis include pharmaceutical agents, insect venom, and food allergens (Muñoz-Cano et al. 2016). A small number of case reports also described the induction of anaphylactic responses in metal-sensitive subjects following various exposure conditions.
Improved transdermal delivery of valsartan using combinatorial approach of polymeric transdermal hydrogels and solid microneedles: an ex vivo proof of concept investigation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Cindy Kristina Enggi, Mega Tri Satria, Nirmayanti Nirmayanti, Jesscia Theodor Usman, Julika Fajrika Nur, Rangga Meidianto Asri, Nana Juniarti Natsir Djide, Andi Dian Permana
Valsartan (VAL) is an antihypertensive drug which belongs to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). The use of VAL does not associate with persistent cough/angioedema due to its ability to not inhibit the breakdown of bradykinin. According to Nixon et al. [5], among other ARB drugs, VAL is found to be more effective at lowering BP and shows comparable efficacy in patients. However, when administrated orally, VAL exhibits low bioavailability (around 10–35%) due to poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, food intake is known to affect the pharmacokinetics of VAL by reducing its Cmax and AUC [6, 7]. Therefore, finding an alternative route for delivering VAL is needed.
Formulation and evaluation of niosomes-based chlorpheniramine gel for the treatment of mild to moderate skin allergy
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Urooj Afreen, Khairi Mustafa Fahelelbom, Syed Nisar Hussain Shah, Akram Ashames, Uzma Almas, Shujaat Ali Khan, Muhammad Arfat Yameen, Naveed Nisar, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad, Ghulam Murtaza
Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) belonging to alkyl amine class has been widely used to develop various dosage forms of topical drug delivery system due to its pharmacokinetic, physicochemical and pharmacodynamics characteristics suitable for transdermal drug delivery [13]. CPM has been used for various mild to moderate acute condition of inflammation and allergy, i.e. runny nose, sunburn, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, cough and insect bites symptoms [14]. Various dosage forms have been developed using CPM i.e. syrups, tablets, capsules but their oral formulation produced side effects, i.e. dizziness, muscular weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances and mild to moderate sedation to deep sleep. CPM-based organogels based on span60/tween20 were developed as an alternative dosage form avoiding oral route associated side effects where organogel having 21% span-60, 3% tween-20, 5% menthol, 2% CPM and sunflower oil (to make 100 g) showed best key results of physical properties along with good drug release and higher anti-inflammatory effects [15]. Recently, topical skin therapy has obtained greater attention to treat dermatological diseases due to targeted delivery of drug, reduced loss by systemic uptake [16] with high efficacy, safety than systemic delivery, enhanced bioavailability and transporting the drug to deeper and lower layers of skin, i.e. stratum corneum through various carriers [17] where most feasible drug carriers were niosomes and liposomes [18]. Niosmes were preferred due to increased stability, decreased cost, ability to encapsulate drugs with variety of physico-chemical properties [19], enhanced drug permeation rate, release of drug in more sustained or controlled way, and ability to create drug depot. Niosomes can be modified by controlling, ratio of hydrophilic and/or the hydrophobic moiety and hydrated to form gel (hydrogel) using carbopol [20]. Niosomal gels are more useful and advantageous than traditional semisolid dosage forms due to ability to have long residence time, maintain sustained, higher concentration in skin and retain its rheological behaviour [19].