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Analytical Devices with Instrument-Free Detection Based on Paper Microfluidics
Published in Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, A. B. P. Mishra, Advanced Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2022
Sasikarn Seetasang, Takashi Kaneta
A text-based readout shows the results directly by displaying the alphabetical designation, the number, or the symbol (+/−) preprinted on the µPAD and represents either the presence of the analyte or its concentration. Hence, personal errors are minimized during data analysis that excludes the construction of a calibration curve. Even though a calibration curve is unnecessary, this advantage sacrifices the attainment of a fully quantitative result, and the obtained results are limited to a semi-quantitative nature. In addition, all expected results must be pre-patterned on the paper device during the fabrication process. This strategy is more pragmatic when the experiment must be performed in a remote area where trained operators and sophisticated instruments are unavailable. Until recently, however, only a few applications have been reported such as for type ABO and rhesus (RhD) identification (Li et al. 2012). In this report, all alphabetic designations and symbols for blood types (A, B, AB, and O) and rhesus (Rh+ and Rh−) were pre-screened by grouping antibodies that were specific to each of the blood types. When a blood sample is introduced to the µPADs, the hemagglutination reaction will occur causing agglutination if the antibodies match the antigens in the red blood cells. Therefore, a saline solution cannot wash out the text pattern. Conversely, if the antibodies mismatch there are no agglutination results, and the flow of a saline solution easily removes red blood cells from the µPADs, as shown in Figure 10.6(I).
Immunocompetence in Invertebrates
Published in C. S. Giam, Lee E. Ray, Pollutant Studies in Marine Animals, 2018
After allowing the coelomic fluid to stand at room temperature for 45 min, the serum and white blood cells were removed and diluted 1:4 with Alsevers solution which had been previously adjusted to sea salinity. It was found that of many media tested, only Alsevers was effective in preventing clumping of the coelomocytes. The cells were centrifuged at 500 g for 3 min at 4°C and resuspended to the original volume with sea salinity Alsevers. This wash proved necessary to prevent occasional agglutination of the erythrocytes due to the presence of Glycera hemagglutinin. An aliquot of cells was mixed with an equal volume of 1% fresh rabbit erythrocytes in sea salinity Alsevers. After 1 hr, a small drop of the coelomocyte-erythrocyte suspension was placed on a hemocytometer and the number of rosettes per 100 white blood cells was determined. A coelomocyte with >5 RBCs attached to its surface was considered to be a rosette-forming cell.
Physical networks of biopolymers
Published in K. Dušek, S.I. Kuchanov, Polymer Networks '91, 1992
Protein gels can also be produced by other means of denaturation than simply heat, including treatment with non-solvents (alcohols), or “hydrogen bond breakers” (urea). Subjecting ovalbumin solutions to both urea and heat ( > 80C) apparently produces very substantial peptide unfolding and, in this case, the mechanism of gelation may be closer to the gelatin-like picture originally proposed (Ref.23). Gels can also be produced by enzymic means, crucially important in the antibody-antigen reaction. and also in the process of red blood cell agglutination.
A Computational Screening on Inhibitability of Piper Betle Essential Oil Chemical Structures against Spike Proteins of Mutated SARS-CoV-2-variants D614G, N501Y, and S477N
Published in Smart Science, 2022
Phan Tu Quy, Tran Thi Ai My, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai, Thanh Q. Bui, Duong Tuan Quang, Nguyen Thanh Triet, Phan Phuoc Hien, Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of a large family of human pathogens and known as the coronavirus. They are well-known to cause common colds in humans. The diseases include significantly severe ones such as the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) [1,2]. As the last one is causing the current severe pandemic worldwide, demands for discovery of sufficient medicines to treat or prevent the virus are of great and urgent concern to all scientists around the world. Although there are several vaccines that have been approved for administration by World Health Organization (WHO), such as AstraZeneca and COVAX, the need for temporary effective inhibitors is still indispensable to temporize the viral spread for the human immune system to produce enough antibodies responding against the pathogen, especially for unvaccinated cases with serious symptoms. The immune response could be neutralization, agglutination, or phagocytosis [3].
Production and characterization of a conserved M2e peptide-based specific IgY antibody: evaluation of the diagnostic potential via conjugation with latex nanoparticles
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Burak Ozdemir, Zeynep Kaya, Selim Badur
Latex agglutination assays are easy to apply, low-cost, non-hazardous, nontoxic, able to quickly provide results, and based on the aggregation of latex particles in response to antibody and antigen interactions. Monoclonal antibodies are generally used in latex agglutination assays to diagnose bacteria and viruses and their induced diseases.[61] For example, a latex agglutination assay was used to diagnose several bacteria and viruses such as Leptospira,[62]Burkholderia pseudomallei,[63]Burkholderia mallei,[64]Streptococcus agalactiae,[65]Clostridium difficile,[66]Toxoplasma gondii,[67] rabies virus,[49] swine influenza virus,[68] rotavirus,[69] foot and mouth disease virus,[70] and enterovirus.[71] The current study aims to use anti-M2e IgY antibodies in a latex agglutination test to diagnose the influenza virus considering the advantages of IgY antibodies and M2e peptide.