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In Vivo Study of Anti-Influenza Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Ludmila Puchkova, Mohammad Al Farroukh, Ekaterina Ilyechova, Irina Kiseleva
In contrast, eukaryotic viruses of the families Orthomyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae, containing a membrane envelope, are highly sensitive to AgNP. Treatment of viruses with AgNP reduces their infectivity in vitro and in vivo (Xiang et al. 2011; Fatima et al. 2016; Park et al. 2018; Morris et al. 2019). This is since, upon direct contact of the IAV with AgNP, the structure of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase is disrupted by 80% and 20%, respectively. Dramatic disturbances in hemagglutinin prevent the virus from entering cells in vitro and in vivo. Another group of studies shows that AgNP-treated mice have increased resistance to influenza infection (Xiang et al. 2013; Kiseleva et al. 2020a). It is difficult to assume that intraperitoneally injected AgNP can enter the upper respiratory tract and directly contact the IAV in the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it can be thought that the resistance of AgNP-treated mice to influenza infection is a consequence of the effect of AgNP on the mice. The mechanism of the antiviral activity of AgNP remains unexplored. There is also little information about how AgNP affects mammals. The issue under discussion is closely related to the problem of toxicity of AgNP to mammals and humans.
RNA-Based Vaccines for Infectious Disease
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Deepa Dehari, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Sanjay Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrawal
The influenza virus is a pulmonary pathogenic virus responsible for 250,000 to 500,000 fatalities yearly globally, and immunization is the most inexpensive way to prevent and handle influenza incidence [63–64]. Currently approved inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) comprise the hemagglutinin (HA) viral surface protein and trigger strain-specific antibody responses that defend against serologically matched or closely linked virus infections. Due to the increased mutation rate in HA, periodic vaccines must be modified every year to fit the transmitted viruses. Seasonal vaccines fail to protect against newly evolving influenza virus infections or pandemic incidences. As a result, for the past two decades, researchers have been working on a “universal” influenza vaccine that can provide wider safeguards against all subgroups of influenza A virus. Adjuvants, such as MF59, improve the depth of immune response triggered by seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, but not enough to overcome the temporary vaccine strain that alters constraint [65–66].
Molecular Farming through Plant Engineering: A Cost-Effective Approach for Producing Therapeutic and Prophylactic Proteins
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Prakash Narayana Reddy, Krupanidhi Srirama, Vijaya R. Dirisala
Many other antigens have been expressed using different approaches as candidate vaccines (nonedible) for clinical use to animals and humans. Majority of these candidate vaccines showed promise in experimental animal models. A few of them are under phase I and II human clinical trials (see Table 3.1). Influenza virus is one of the most complex pathogens with 16 different hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and exhibits antigenic shift eradicating the cross-protective immunity even with similar strains under a subtype, e.g., 2009 pandemic due to H1N1-type influenza virus. Medicago Inc. developed technology for obtaining the HA virus like particles (VLPs) in the apoplast of Nicotiana benthamiana cells (D’Aoust et al., 2010). Phase I and II human clinical trials with various concentrations of HA proteins of H5N1 VLP showed antibody titers in all tested doses and a cross-protective CD4+ T-cell response indicating long term cell mediated immunity after 6 months of vaccination (Landry et al., 2014). Another H1N1 influenza virus PMP developed by Medicago Inc. completed phase I clinical trials with 5, 13 and 28 µg quantity of VLP and demonstrated antibody responses, safety and cell mediated immune responses (Landry et al., 2010). Chikungunya virus is an emerging pathogen in East Africa and Asia and spread in many regions of the world. Plant-made VLPs seems to be the effective immunological formulation for tackling chikungunya due to low-cost of production since it is endemic in developing countries (Salazar-Gonzalez et al., 2015).
Silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential application in medical protective clothing – a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Toufique Ahmed, R. Tugrul Ogulata, Sabiha Sezgin Bozok
Besides, previous studies showed that the glycoprotein knob (also an essential protein of SARS-CoV-2) on the exterior of the HIV-1 virus could interact with the AgNPs (Elechiguerra et al., 2005, 1). Again, the glycoprotein has two components: (I) hemagglutinin and (II) neuraminidase, shown in Figure 4 (Wiley & Skehel, 1987). In the influenza virus, Hemagglutinin binds the host membrane receptor sites and manages to enter the viral capsid, which causes infection in the host body. AgNPs inhibit the binding of the influenza virus to the host cell. In this way, the AgNPs reduce apoptosis induced by the influenza virus (Xiang et al., 2013). Again, the endocytosis (cell’s ability to eat and drink) takes the surface substance (either liquid or solid) to the vacuoles is called Macro-pinocytosis. A study affirmed that AgNPs could block the viral entry and hinder the Macro-pinocytosis process (Trefry & Wooley, 2013).