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In Vivo Study of Anti-Influenza Effect of Silver Nanoparticles in a Mouse Model
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Ludmila Puchkova, Mohammad Al Farroukh, Ekaterina Ilyechova, Irina Kiseleva
The various aspects of human activities have been negatively affected by viral respiratory infections caused by the influenza A virus (IAV) during the last 100 years. IAVs are a cause of recurrent seasonal epidemics, as well as catastrophic pandemic outbreaks, which have affected hundreds of millions of people and taken a great toll on economies (Kieny et al. 2006). Vaccination is the primary protection against influenza infections, and it is especially important in pandemic cases (Shie and Fang 2019). However, the vaccine cannot be used in all cases; for example, it can’t be used when there are medical contraindications for vaccination or ongoing infection. In these cases, the use of antiviral chemical agents becomes the main strategy. These agents tend to suppress the function of important viral proteins, e.g. neuraminidase or M2 protein (van der Vries et al. 2013). However, the viral genome is highly variable, so the virus quickly becomes drug-resistant and evades the immune response caused by vaccination. This significantly limits the effectiveness of infection control; therefore, the search for new means of prevention and effective treatment of acute respiratory viral infections is always relevant.
2D-QSAR, 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and ADMET prediction studies of some novel 2-((1H-indol-3-yl)thio)-N-phenyl-acetamide derivatives as anti-influenza A virus
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Mustapha Abdullahi, Adamu Uzairu, Gideon Adamu Shallangwa, Paul Andrew Mamza, Muhammad Tukur Ibrahim
Influenza (A) virus (IAV) infection remains one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity due to respiratory diseases in recent times even with the devastating Covid-19 pandemic [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported about 2–5 million cases of severe illness caused by the ravaging seasonal influenza virus epidemic which resulted in over 500,000 deaths globally [2]. These flu epidemics cause severe respiratory infections in children, adults, the elderly, and individuals with underlying health conditions [3] [4]. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme that catalyzes the obliteration of terminal sialic acid residues (sialidase) which aids in liberating new virions formed from the infected cells and circulating to infect the neighboring cells [5]. As such, the NA inhibition can defend the host from being infected and prevent its proliferation [1]. Due to the highly preserved active site structure of neuraminidase [6], it has become an attractive molecular target for the exploration and development of novel anti-influenza inhibitors. Presently, Zanamivir (Relenza™), oseltamivir (Tamiflu™), laninamivir octanoate (Inavir™), and peramivir (Rapivab™) are the four (4) approved neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza treatment [7]. The IAV disease is usually linked to severe symptoms because of the intense genetic diversity characterized by chromosomal mutation between avian and human viruses. Presently, the only two major classes of antiviral medicines against the influenza A virus are inhibitors of M2-ion channel (rimantadine and amantadine) and neuraminidase (zanamivir and oseltamivir) targets that fight against its spreading around the globe. However, most influenza A virus strains have become resistant to these drugs in recent times. There is a lot of concern for the advent of drug resistance effects resulting from the high variability of the influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [5]. This is because a patient infected with either virus can manifest similar symptoms at an early stage. The discovery of some novel compounds of 2-((1 H-indol-3-yl)thio) acetamide as dual inhibitors against IAV and RSV is a huge milestone for the rapid therapy of these respiratory co-infections. Moreover, the trial and error approach applied in the development of new drugs has been seen to be very tedious, costly, and time-consuming [8].