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Delivery of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Using Nanoparticles
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Abdullah Shaito, Houssein Hajj Hassan
Currently, immunotherapy is one of the most promising cancer treatments [2] and the development of new immunotherapies has become a necessity [3, 4]. In recent years, immunotherapy has become widespread and has been used to treat both hematological and solid cancers [2]. Immunotherapy is a biological therapy that involves activation of the immune system to target and kill cancer cells through different approaches. Promising immunotherapy approaches include adoptive cell transfer, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), treatment vaccines, cytokine treatment using interferons and interleukins, Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG), which is a weakened bacterium used in the treatment of bladder cancer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Chimeric antigen receptor therapy also known as CAR T-cell therapy has stood out as a clinically effective type of adoptive cell transfer therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, in particular, have shown potential in the treatment of several cancers and have been FDA approved for the treatment of melanoma (recurrent and/or metastatic), non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), genitourinary cancers (GUCs), head and neck cancers (HNCs), renal cell carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas, non-Hodgkin lymphomas and other cancers [5].
Immune Reconstitution after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Andreas Thiel, Tobias Alexander, Christian A. Schmidt, Falk Hiepe, Renate Arnold, Andreas Radbruch, Larissa Verda, Richard K. Burt
Cytokines (predominately G-CSF) are used to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells and to shorten the duration of post conditioning neutropenia. G-CSF promotes IL-4 and IL-10 Th2 cytokine production.179 In addition, G-CSF preferentially mobilizes lymphoid dendritic (DC2) cells.180,181 G-CSF mobilized PBSC contain higher doses of DC2 compared to myeloid dendritic (DC1) cells. DC1 cells produce IL-12 and promote Th1 T cell differentiation. DC2 cells promote Th2 T cell differentiation.182,183 It has been suggested that adoptive transfer of DC2 cells in the PBSC graft diminishes the risk of acute GVHD.184,185 However, it is possible that DC2 cells may also increase the risk of chronic GVHD that may offset any potential immune reconstitution benefit. The role of cytokines and/or adoptive cell transfer in post transplant immune reconstitution has yet to be fully appreciated. For example, interleukin-7 (IL-7) and oncostatin M are thymic cytokines that may be beneficial in post transplant immune reconstitution.41-42 In murine models, post transplant IL-7 accelerated memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell regeneration without worsening GVHD. However, IL-7 had little effect on naïve CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.186,187 As mentioned earlier, Oncostatin M appears to induce extrathymic T cell lymphogenesis in animal models and may be beneficial for naïve CD4+ and CD8+ recovery following HSCT.
Precision
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
CAR-T cell therapy, also a T cell-based immunotherapy, merits special discussion here. This fast emerging approach on immunotherapy is an “adoptive cell transfer” or ACT, consisting three steps: collecting patient’s white blood cells and isolating their T cellsmodifying and/or activating them in the laboratoryreintroducing these cells back to patient’s blood.
Statistical modelling for cancer mortality
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Immunotherapy is one of the most recent approaches for cancer. It depends on the generally-accepted hypothesis: ‘the immune system is the best tool that humans have for fighting disease’. It can help for stimulating or helping the immune system to fight cancer. The approaches include antibodies, checkpoint therapy and adoptive cell transfer. In this work we have fit log-linear model to predict effects of gender and different types of cancer on death rate. Some of the more attractive features of this modelling system are the ease of model specification and reduction which provide the flexibility in treating both dependent and independent variables; and the fact that maximum likelihood estimates can be collectively characterized for an assortment of sampling distributions, including Poisson, multinomial and product multinomial (Agresti, 2002, 2007, 2010). Apart from this, the purpose of the underlying Cox model is to evaluate simultaneously the effect of several factors on survival. In other words, it allows us to examine how specified factors influence the rate of a particular event happening (e.g. infection, death) at a particular point in time. This rate is commonly referred as the hazard rate. Predictor variables (or, factors) are usually termed covariates in the survival-analysis literature. The simulation of this work is based on R-software. Finally, the last section consists of the general discussions and conclusions of the paper.