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Wrong Resemblance? Role of the Immune System in the Biocompatibility of Nanostructured Materials
Published in Dan Peer, Handbook of Harnessing Biomaterials in Nanomedicine, 2021
Adaptive immunity (often also referred to as acquired immunity) comprises complex cellular mechanisms that permit a highly diversified immune response to microbial or other stimulating challenges and includes a recall response upon repeated exposure. Adaptive immunity has been the focus of intense research, mainly because this part of the immune system in consequence of the recall response can be manipulated by vaccination. Injection of microbial proteins or carbohydrates, in the context of vaccination referred to as the antigen, will stimulate an immune response that may protect vaccinated individuals against future infection with viruses. We now have a detailed picture of the processes delivering this protection, which mainly depend on the formation of so-called antibodies. As discussed below, a similar response may also be encountered following the introduction of nanomaterials in the body.
Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Active immunity (both naturally and artificially acquired) is the production of antibodies by the body by itself in the event of a pathogenic invasion. A memory is stored and when in future the same pathogen infects again, the body has memory and it helps in the quick destruction of the toxins. In passive immunity antibodies are acquired by a different source; this is a one-time use kind of situation because no memory is stored and when the same pathogen infects again the body does not have antibodies ready because there is no information on how to neutralize the toxin. These can be acquired both naturally and artificially as shown below.
Reconfigurable Supply Chain: Immunity-Based Control Model
Published in Hamed Fazlollahtabar, Supply Chain Management Models: Forward, Reverse, Uncertain, and Intelligent, 2018
In a distributed multi-agent system, cooperative work through communication between agents is an indispensable operation. Passive response is an action in responds to other facilities requests where the activated facility is assumed to have no suitable capability towards the requested job or teamwork is necessary for the requested job. This response is similar to the idea of vaccination of the human immune system. Vaccination is the process of intentionally eliciting acquired active immunity in an individual by administration of a vaccine (Elgert, 1996).
The impact of vaccination on the dynamics of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2023
Mahmoud H. DarAssi, Muhammad Altaf Khan, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Muath Suliman
It is obvious that vaccination of every individual in a specific country is quite difficult, and also the less developed and developing countries in the world cannot afford it. Therefore, the herd immunity threshold can be used in order to determine which percentage of the population can be vaccinated in order to reduce future infected cases. People with underlying health concerns, pregnant women, and those who choose not to be vaccinated for reasons such as traditional or otherwise should not be vaccinated. Vaccinating patients in the first two categories, in particular, may make their situation worse. The minimum amount of community-wide immunity necessary to shield those who cannot receive vaccinations from infection is determined using the idea of herd immunity. Herd immunity, then, is the term used to describe the indirect protection that members of a community experience when a sizable section of the population has acquired immunity to an infectious disease as a result of vaccination or spontaneous recovery from infection. Vaccination continues to be the fastest and safest way to build herd immunity for diseases that can be prevented by vaccines.
The bifurcation analysis of an SIRS epidemic model with immunity age and constant treatment
Published in Applicable Analysis, 2021
Hui Cao, Xiaoyan Gao, Jianquan Li, Dongxue Yan, Zongmin Yue
Kermack and McKendrick first proposed the SIR infectious disease model framework in 1927 [1], in which the total population is divided into three classes referred to be susceptible, infective, and recovered, and it is assumed that recovered individuals have the permanent immunity. In fact, it is well known that the acquired immunity may disappear after a certain period of time for some communicable diseases, such as cholera, pertussis, influenza, malaria, hand–foot–mouth disease, and measles [2–5]. For this case, the recovered individuals will become susceptible again after losing the acquired immunity. It leads to the appearance of the SIRS models discussing the spread of the epidemic diseases with temporary immunity [6–13].
A human whole-blood model to study the activation of innate immunity system triggered by nanoparticles as a demonstrator for toxicity
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Kristina N Ekdahl, Karin Fromell, Camilla Mohlin, Yuji Teramura, Bo Nilsson
Schematically, the human immune system can be separated into innate immunity and acquired immunity. Innate immunity of one kind or other exists in all multicellular organisms, including plants. In contrast, acquired immunity has characteristics such as immunological memory and extremely high specificity and uses lymphocytes (B and T cells) as well as antibodies as effector systems. This form of immunity developed late in evolution and it has been estimated that only ≈5% of the world’s now living species has this line of defense [20,21].