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Hybrid Power for Mobile Systems
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
There are two different levels of charging. Level one charging is the slower method as it uses a 120 V/15 A single-phase grounded outlet. Level two is a faster method; existing Level 2 equipment offers charging from 208 V or 240 V (at up to 80 A, 19.2 kW). It may require dedicated equipment and a connection installation for home or public units, although vehicles such as the Tesla have the power electronics on board and need only the outlet. The optimum charging window for Lithium ion batteries is 3–4.2 V. Recharging with a 120 V household outlet takes several hours, a 240 V charger takes 1–4 hours, and a quick charge takes approximately 30 minutes to achieve 80% charge. The charging details depend on three important factors—distance on charge, cost of charging, and time to charge. In order for the hybrid to run on electrical power, the car must perform the action of braking in order to generate some electricity. The electricity then gets discharged most effectively when the car accelerates or climbs up an incline. In 2014, hybrid electric car batteries can solely run on electricity for 70–130 miles (110–210 km) on a single charge. Hybrid battery capacity currently ranges from 4.4 kWh to 85 kWh on a fully electric car. On a hybrid car, the battery packs currently range from 0.6 kWh to 2.4 kWh representing a large difference in use of electricity in hybrid cars. A comparison of emission for different driving cycle is illustrated in Table 3.9 [2,6,8,21].
Technology Enhancement
Published in Raymond S. Nickerson, Psychology and Environmental Change, 2002
The idea of powering automobiles by electricity has been around for a long time (Scientific American reported the appearance of electrically powered cabs in London in 1897 [Scientific American, 1997]), and modern electric cars have been on the market for several years. In part, because of their limited range between battery rechargings, they have not yet proved to be sufficiently attractive to the average consumer to compete with conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. Environmental considerations are a major reason for interest in electric cars, and they are often promoted as zero-emission vehicles. This designation overlooks that manufacture and reprocessing of lead-acid batteries—the current power source of choice for electric cars—has been estimated to release 60 times as much lead per unit of distance traveled as does a comparable car burning leaded gasoline (Lave, Hendrickson, & McMichael, 1995). One must bear in mind, too, that batteries must be charged and continually recharged, and this represents an increased demand on electric power-generation facilities, which today account for about one third of the CO2released to the atmosphere. Some technologists believe that the best long-range solution will be the development of practical solar-powered vehicles; the feasibility of such vehicles has been demonstrated convincingly (Wilson, MacCready, & Kyle, 1989), but bringing to market solar-powered cars that can compete effectively with conventional gas burners is likely to take a while.
FEA based electromagnetic analysis of induction motor rotor bars with improved starting torque for traction applications
Published in Yigang He, Xue Qing, Automatic Control, Mechatronics and Industrial Engineering, 2019
M. Sundaram, M. Mohanraj, P. Varunraj, T. Dinesh Kumar, Shubham Sharma
India’s mission is to make all vehicles as electric powered, Fuel Powered automotive vehicles have become an inevitable one for transportation from one place to another. In the developing era, utmost importance has been given to make a better environment with very low emission. In India vehicle increased from 0.3 million in 1951 to 58.3 million in 2001–02. An electric car is powered by an electric motor instead of a gasoline engine. The electric motor gets energy from a controller, which regulates the amount of power-based on the driver’s use of an accelerator pedal. The electric car (also known as electric vehicle or EV) uses energy stored in its rechargeable batteries, which are recharged by common household electricity. It doesn’t pollute the world; hence the clean and clear energy can be utilized for the traction. India plans to make completely electric vehicles in 2030, to provide pollution free environment, as of now India has 4350 electric cars on the road (Wang et al. 2005, Ulu et al. 2017, Kim et al. 2013 & International Energy Agency IEA). Global automotive sector consumes around 30% in the world, in which this is the 2nd largest producer of CO2. In 1997 India consumed around 57% of energy and in 2010 it’s increased to 85%. It’s expected to reach 92% by the year of 2020. Today the automobile sector in India is the upcoming sector which will boom up in the future. This sector has been growing at a CAGR in excess of 15% over the last 5–7 years. It contributed 2.77 to 6% in improving the national GDP rate. India has 19 passenger car manufacturers, 14 commercial vehicles, 16 2/3 wheelers and 12 tractors along with these 5 manufacturers of Engines.
A novel technique and detailed study of concepts of low-cost hybrid vehicle design
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
By developing this system which, use much less or even no petrol or diesel fuel at all, cutting your running costs. In terms of electric cars, a full charge from empty to full could cost less than a pound for the electricity. The moderate slip rates of half and half and electric cards decrease the measure of ozone depleting substances they produce. This is especially valuable in urban regions where gridlocked traffic can make exhaust cloud because of the development of air toxins. Lower emanations additionally mean lower street charge (vehicle extract obligation) and exception from the London Congestion Charge. Electric engines convey their greatest torque rating promptly. This implies no trusting that the engine will spool, a trademark that enables the cross-breed vehicle to coordinate the execution of ordinary autos. Not any more consuming fuel to sit still in rush hour gridlock with the motor lingering. Half breed and electric autos naturally turn off the motor when you are sitting in rush hour gridlock or at a red light. They utilise the power from the battery to keep your radio and cooling on. The facts demonstrate that the costly advances in cross breed autos mean they do cost more to purchase than a typical vehicle. Be that as it may, this additional expense is relieved by government charge motivators to urge individuals to purchase all the more naturally inviting autos. Most mixture and electric vehicles accompany no less than a fundamental ‘driving mentor’ framework, which encourages you to drive in a more fuel practical way. It tells you the best way to maintain a strategic distance from things like high revs and empowers slow breaking. This framework causes you to receive great driving propensities.
Representing travel cost variation in large-scale models of long-distance passenger transport
Published in Transportation Letters, 2022
Ida Kristoffersson, Andrew Daly, Staffan Algers, Stehn Svalgård-Jarcem
Figure 5 shows that Diesel cars are in general cheaper per 100 kilometers than Petrol cars. This is slightly due to difference in fuel cost per liter (see Table 1) but mainly due to Diesel cars being more fuel efficient. Electric cars are too few to give a visible effect in the figure, but they are cheaper than most Diesel and Petrol cars per 100 kilometers.