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Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
Published in Stephen D. Prior, Optimizing Small Multi-Rotor Unmanned Aircraft, 2018
The Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) is a very high efficiency (98%), low resistance (typically 0.01 Ω), high current switch. This component takes the control input (PWM throttle signal) from the Autopilot via the TX/RX circuit and converts this to a three-phase signal which can be interpreted by the BLDC motor to control the speed of the motor output shaft (prop). Many ESCs also incorporate a Battery Elimination Circuit (BEC) to regulate a voltage (5 V) to power the receiver or another device, removing the need for a separate Li-Po battery for this purpose, however, a word of caution; they are limited to a few Amps at most, so be careful not to overload them by asking them to drive large servos!
Application and Progress of Drone Technology in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Chhabi Rani Panigrahi, Bibudhendu Pati, Mamata Rath, Rajkumar Buyya, Computational Modeling and Data Analysis in COVID-19 Research, 2021
Vasundhara Saraf, Lipsita Senapati, Tripti Swarnkar
A drone consists of motors, propellers, electronic speed controllers (ESC), a flight controller, a radio receiver, and a battery (Ahirwar et al., 2019). The functions of the basic parts of a drone are shown in Figure 4.2 and are discussed in brief in the following sections: Motor: one motor is used for each propeller; the drone motors are rated in kV units. The faster the motor spin is, the more the flight time is, but it also requires a more powerful battery for an increased flight time.Propellers: three factors mainly depend upon the propellers of the drone: the load they can carry, the maximum speed with which they can fly, and the speed at which they can maneuver. The length of the propellers can be modified according to the requirements.Electronic speed controller (ESC): the purpose of an electronic speed controller (ESC) is to provide dependent/controlled current to each of the motors attached to the propellers so that they can attain the required spin and speed.Flight controller (FC): the circuit board which translates the input signals and sends them to the corresponding ESC is called a flight controller (FC).Radio receiver: it receives the controlled signals from the pilot.Battery: drones use high power density batteries which can be charged easily. Example: lithium polymer batteries.
UAS Subsystem Nexus: The Electrical System
Published in Douglas M. Marshall, R. Kurt Barnhart, Eric Shappee, Michael Most, Introduction to Unmanned Aircraft Systems, 2016
Brushless motors are constructed as either “inrunners” or “outrunners” using permanent and electromagnets. Both designs are used to develop sUAS thrust. One commonality among inrunner and outrunner BLDC motors is that the permanent magnets are always installed on (or in) the rotor, while the stator conducts the electric current that establishes the electromagnetic field. Another is the use of neodymium magnets (also known as NdFeB, NIB, or Neo magnets), the strongest type of permanent magnet yet developed, to increase efficiency and power output. The previously mentioned motor controller, also commonly known as an electronic speed control or ESC, is a microprocessor that acts as an inverter/switching device to convert DC to a bidirectional pulsing current (as opposed to a sinusoidal waveform) to provide the desired voltage frequency and voltage amplitude to the motor. The purpose of the motor controller, or ESC, is to time, sequence, and orient the polarity of the electrically induced magnetic field to properly attract/repel the magnetic fields associated with the permanent magnets. The interaction of flux fields creates an angular force causing rotation of the output shaft and the development of torque to drive the rotor or propeller—all without brushes. A sensor (e.g., a counter-EMF (CEMF) or backvoltage sensing circuit, optical or Hall effect device) detects rotor position and speed to send rpm information to the ESC through a feedback loop to provide the means by which the controller can maintain the desired level of power output (rpm is one component in formulae used to calculate engine horsepower). The ESCs that control small RPA and sUAS most commonly rely on a feedback system that senses CEMF in the de-energized (or “floating”) BLDC motor stator winding to control rpm. This strategy is effective in governing both inrunner and outrunner motors. Due to BLDC stator design (which are wound in either delta or wye configurations), an ESC does not recognize the type of motor and any given controller is “blind” to whether it is controlling the speed of an inrunner or outrunner aircraft powerplant.
Sensor integration for real-time data acquisition in aerial surveillance
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Wahyu Rahmaniar, Ardhi Wicaksono Santoso
In this system, the quadrotor-type UAVs used with the flight commands are received by the radio receiver. Each rotor speed is controlled via an electronic speed controller (ESC) that received a signal. A GPS, two servo motors, a FSR and an XBee module connected to the mainboard. The XBee module is used to send UAV flight data to the ground station and receive ground station commands to move the video transmitter (camera) and gripper. An ultrasonic sensor is installed on each side of the quadrotor frame to detect obstacles when flying, and one sensor is mounted with the camera. Due to limitation of the I/O pins of the processor, every ultrasonic sensor is switched using transistors in the additional board. (Figure 2(a, b, c))
A conceptual design of a solar powered UAV and assessment for continental climate flight conditions
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2022
Irem Turk, Emre Ozbek, Selcuk Ekici, T. Hikmet Karakoc
The ESC (Electronic Speed Controller), which controls the motor throttle, is an important component for electric UAVs. It uses a pulse width modification technique to control the motor RPM using signals from transmitter or autopilot throttle command. The ESC was simply selected as the motor brand’s suggested ESC, which was the Flame 80 A. The propulsion system components are shown in Figure 11. The electronic propulsion system converts electrical power to mechanical power.