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Criminal Justice
Free access article
Race and Ethnicity Effects in Federal Sentencing: A Propensity Score Analysis
Research has examined the role of race and ethnicity in the punishment of offenders. Narrative and meta-analytic reviews have indicated that race/ethnicity influences key sentencing outcomes, at least under certain conditions.
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1st Edition
Killing African Americans
Police and Vigilante Violence as a Racial Control Mechanism
Killing African Americans examines the pervasive, disproportionate, and persistent police and vigilante killings of African Americans in the United States as a racial control mechanism that sustains the racial control system of systemic racism. Noel A. Cazenave’s well-researched and conceptualized historical sociological study is one of the first books to focus exclusively on those killings and to treat them as political violence.
Open access article
Influence of racial stereotypes on investigative decision-making in criminal investigations: A qualitative comparative analysis
A multidisciplinary open access journal with a mission to make research and knowledge accessible to everyone without discrimination.
Recent research suggests that the police are aware of the general trends in street crime and, from such awareness, tend to form impressions of the likelihood that persons belonging to various racial groups will commit certain types of crimes (e.g. drugs-related crimes).
Free access article
Journal of Black Studies and Research
Black Police in America
Free access article
Race and Worrying About Police Brutality: The Hidden Injuries of Minority Status in America
An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice
Given the historically contentious relationship – including most notably the use of excessive and lethal force – between the police and African Americans, the current project examines the extent to which Blacks in the United States fear police brutality.
Free access article
Race and disparities in sentencing: A test of the liberation hypothesis
This paper builds on Kalven and Zeisel's “liberation hypothesis” and explores the possibility that racial discrimination in sentencing is confined to less serious cases. We examined the sentences imposed on defendants convicted of violent felonies in Detroit.
Free access article
Examining Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests
The War on Drugs popularized a set of policies and practices that dramatically increased the number of drug arrests, particularly for low-level drug offenses. The War’s tactics have affected Americans of every race; however, minorities have been most dramatically affected.
Free access article
A Critique of the “Outcome Test” in Racial Profiling Research
In racial profiling research, four different research perspectives—legalistic, criminological, economic, and normative—have emerged. The analytical techniques of two of these perspectives, the legalistic and criminological, have been thoroughly detailed in prior research.
Free access article
Blacks and Law Enforcement: Towards Police Brutality Reduction
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Routledge Handbook of Public Criminologies
Chapter 5 Articulation of Liberation Criminologies and Public Criminologies
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Imagining a Greater Justice
Criminal Violence, Punishment and Relational Justice
Esp. Chapter 10, “Healing the American Community: Race and Criminal Justice”
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Free access article
Police Violence and Riots
Free access article
The excessive use of force against blacks in the United States of America
This paper examines the disproportionate killings of Blacks in the United States of America by the police. I argue that the legal standards in the United States regulate the use of force by police officers, are tainted with bias and do not comply with international law.
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2nd Edition
Race, Law, and American Society
1607-Present
This second edition of Gloria Browne-Marshall’s seminal work, tracing the history of racial discrimination in American law from colonial times to the present, is now available with major revisions. Throughout, she advocates for freedom and equality at the center, moving from their struggle for physical freedom in the slavery era to more recent battles for equal rights and economic equality.
Free access article
Probing the Epidemic of Police Murders
For months, the Blueford family begged the Oakland City Council for answers to why and how their son Alan had been murdered by an Oakland police officer in May, 2012. They got a series of conflicting stories, none of which coincided with what people on the scene told them.
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1st Edition
Black Males and the Criminal Justice System
Relying on a multidisciplinary framework of inquiry and critical perspective, this edited volume addresses the unique experiences of Black males within various stages of contact in the criminal justice system. It provides a comprehensive overview of the administration of justice, mental and physical health issues faced by Black males, and reintegration into society after system involvement.
Free access article
Racial disparity reform: racial inequality and policy responses in US national politics
Persistent racial inequality in the US criminal justice system is a significant challenge for policy-makers.
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1st Edition
Shopping While Black
Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America lays out the results of nearly two decades of research on racial profiling in retail settings.
Free access article
Strengthening legal protection against discrimination by algorithms and artificial intelligence
Algorithmic decision-making and other types of artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to predict who will commit crime, who will be a good employee, who will default on a loan, etc.
Free access article
On deaf ears: anti-black police terror, multiracial protest and white loyalty to the state
In this essay, we explore the racialised dimensions of policing practices in Brazil. To do so, we look not at the police, their administrative organisation, and practices, but rather we examine the modes of sociality reflected in and produced by police violence.
Free access article
Residents’ Perceptions of Procedural Injustice During Encounters With the Police
The purpose of this study is to refine researchers’ understanding of procedural injustice. Specifically, hypotheses were tested to determine the influence that race, type of contact, place of encounter, and community context had on individuals’ perceptions of procedural injustice.
Free access article
On Racial Disparities in Recent Fatal Police Shootings
Fatal police shootings in the United States continue to be a polarizing social and political issue. Clear disagreement between racial proportions of victims and nationwide racial demographics together with graphic video footage has created fertile ground for controversy.
Free access article
Driving While Black in the City of Angels
Fatal police shootings in the United States continue to be a polarizing social and political issue. Clear disagreement between racial proportions of victims and nationwide racial demographics together with graphic video footage has created fertile ground for controversy.
Free access article
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias
Recent studies by police departments and researchers confirm that police stop persons of racial and ethnic minority groups more often than whites relative to their proportions in the population.
Free access article
Suspected or protected? Perceptions of procedural justice in ethnic minority youth's descriptions of police relations
Research has highlighted the harmful effects of targeted police practices and the subsequent low trust in the police among ethnic minorities.
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Proactive policing and equal treatment of ethnic-minority youths
Proactive policing aims at suppressing delinquency at an early stage. In the Netherlands, it is applied, inter alia, to youths and youth groups to prevent them from slipping off into delinquent behaviour and crime.
Free access article
Will Black Lives Matter to the Police? African Americans’ Concerns about Trump’s Presidency
Based on a 2017 national survey of 1,000 Black Americans, perceptions regarding the implications of Donald Trump’s election as President on race relations, police-minority relations, and police treatment of Black citizens in the United States were examined.
Free access article
College students’ perceptions of police use of force: do suspect race and ethnicity matter?
Incidents of police use of force continue to draw a considerable amount of attention from both researchers and the public alike. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between suspect race and ethnicity and perceptions of police use of force among college students.
Free access article
Race, prior offending, and juvenile court outcomes
Both theory and research in the study of race in the juvenile justice system have attempted to identify the contexts in which race matters.
Free access article
Policing inequality and the inequality of policing: A look at the militarisation of policing around the world, focusing on Brazil and South Africa
The purpose of this article is to unpack the racialised, gendered and classed policing of communities in Brazil and South Africa, two useful analytical cases for the study of the militarisation of policing in post-colonial states.
Free access article
Perceptions of race, crime, and policing among Ferguson protesters
Research demonstrates that race is commonly associated with perceptions of crime and thus, crime committed by people of color is often overestimated by the public, particularly white Americans.
Free access article
Different styles of policing: discretionary power in street controls by the public police in France and Germany
By analysing French and German police stop and search on the streets based on embedded observations in police patrols and findings of a large school survey, this article comparatively questions their determinants.