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Blood sampling
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Ronald J. Maughan, Susan M. Shirreffs
If plasma is to be obtained by centrifugation of the sample, a suitable anticoagulant must be added. A variety of agents can be used, depending on the measurements to be made. The potassium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a convenient anticoagulant, but is clearly inappropriate when plasma potassium is to be measured. Heparin is a suitable alternative in this situation. For serum collection, blood should be added to a plain tube and left for at least 1 h before centrifugation: clotting will take place more rapidly if the sample is left in a warm place. If there is a need to stop glycolysis in serum or plasma samples (for example, where the concentration of glucose, lactate or other glycolytic intermediates is to be measured), fluoride should be added: failure to do this will result in measurable decreases in glucose concentration and increases in lactate concentration. Where metabolites of glucose are to be measured on whole blood, the most convenient method is immediate deproteinisation of the sample to inactivate the enzymes which would otherwise alter the concentrations of substances of interest after the sample has been withdrawn.
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics
Published in Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug, Acute Pain Management, 2021
Pamela E. Macintyre, Stephan A. Schug
Because of its rapid onset, rapid metabolism, and short duration of action, chloroprocaine has been primarily used in obstetric epidural analgesia or regional anesthetic techniques for day surgery (Tonder et al, 2020). Neurotoxicity, with motor and sensory deficits, has followed accidental subarachnoid injection; the antioxidant sodium bisulfite in the anesthetic solution has been implicated as the cause. This has been replaced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, usually abbreviated as EDTA, in recent formulations.
The Effects of Tin Compounds on Cell Growth and Development*
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
John S. Thayer, R. B. Jonas, J. J. Cooney
The toxicity of dissolved inorganic tin compounds toward estuarine bacteria varied noticeably with the nature of other compounds present, particularly chelating agents such as 3-hydroxyflavone (flavonol), which enhanced the toxicity.9 We tested the effect of this compound and the two chelating agents 2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the toxicity of dimethyltin dichloride. Flavonol and EDTA enhanced the toxicity; 2-amino-2-methylpropane-l,3-diol showed no effect.
Development, evaluation and biodistribution of stealth liposomes of 5-fluorouracil for effective treatment of breast cancer
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2022
Khushboo Katharotiya, Gajanan Shinde, Dhaval Katharotiya, Santosh Shelke, Rakesh Patel, Deepak Kulkarni, Prabhakar Panzade
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is used as cardioprotective in the investigational formulation. EDTA chelates calcium ions and reduces the preload of the heart, occurrence of osteoporosis, and reactive oxygen species leading to reduced cardiotoxicity (TACT Investigators, 2013). EDTA also increases the stability of the formulation (Kitchell et al.1963, Blumer and Cranton 1989, Yanzhi et al.2014). Ascorbyl-6-palmitate has potential anticancer activity but high dose of ascorbate is required to achieve the anticancer effect. Instead of ascorbate, hydrophobic derivatives of ascorbate have better permeability, retention effect and also produce a better anticancer effect at low dose hence the encapsulation of 5-FU with ascorbyl-6-palmitate into stealth liposomes acts synergistically on cancer cells (Dominik et al.2013, Raju et al.2011).
Evaluation of blood collection methods and anticoagulants for platelet function analyses on C57BL/6J laboratory mice
Published in Platelets, 2020
Alexandra Grill, Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi, Cornelia Karwot, Kerstin Jurk, Christoph Reinhardt
Apart from choosing the appropriate target, the choice of anticoagulant is essential for further usage of the collected platelets. When whole blood is treated with anticoagulating substances, e.g. heparin, the anticoagulation will influence the experiments and might be inappropriate for assays that require unaffected coagulation. Heparin is widely used for its ability to interact with thrombin, accelerating the formation of thrombin-antithrombin complexes [17]. However, the interaction with other platelet proteins (e.g. platelet factor 4) could induce side effects on the functional integrity of the platelets and thereby cause platelet pre-activation. Moreover, inhibition of coagulation can be achieved by chelation of calcium ions required for the binding of clotting factors to phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine on the outer membrane leaflet of activated blood cells [18]. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a commonly used anticoagulant that inhibits coagulation efficiently and irreversibly [19]. In contrast, citrate-containing compounds have the advantage that they allow re-calcification, if desired. Therefore, the citrate treated and re-calcified blood samples can be used in functional platelet and coagulation assays, e.g. in thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) measurements [20].
Do the joint effects of size, shape and ecocorona influence the attachment and physical eco(cyto)toxicity of nanoparticles to algae?
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh, Daniel Arenas-Lago, Petr Porcal, Renato Grillo, Peng Zhang, Zhiling Guo, Martina G. Vijver, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
Chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are organic molecules with two or more electron donor groups. They are capable of effectively binding polyvalent metal ions, such as Au, due to their affinity for metal ions (Flora and Pachauri 2010). The chelating potential of EDTA has been previously documented for Au-ENPs (Dozol et al. 2013). In biological or environmental media, the EDTA could bind on the one hand to ENPs and on the other hand to various chemical compounds available in the media (Bonvin et al. 2017). Herein, we used EDTA to facilitate the separation of the strongly bound Au-ENPs from the surface of the cells. In this study, the ENPs that were associated with the surface of algal cells that could not be removed using the PBS washing process referred to as strongly attached ENPs. The resulting algae suspensions from the previous steps (after removing the loosely attached Au-ENPs) were treated with 5 mL of 0.02 M EDTA for 20 min to bind the Au-ENPs, which were strongly attached to the cell walls, with the EDTA complex (Wang et al. 2011a). The concentration of the EDTA was optimized using some Pre-tests. The suspensions were vortex mixed for 10 min. The obtained suspensions were centrifuged (4000 rpm at 4 °C) for 10 min and the supernatants were separated to remove the EDTA-ENP complexes. The supernatants were used for measuring the concentration of the strongly attached Au-ENPs to the cell wall by measuring the Au concentration in the supernatant using ICP-MS.