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Modern Pharmacognostic Investigation of Harmal
Published in Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen, Harmal, 2017
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen
Potassium antimonyl tartrate [Sb (III)], the trivalent antimonial historic standard drug against leishmaniasis (Figure 7.6). Antimony potassium tartrate, or tartar emetic, is known from ancient times. These days, newer pentavalent antimonial compounds are favored (Figure 7.7).
Antimonial Agents
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Antimony, in the form of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), was used until the late nineteenth century to treat fevers, pneumonia, and inflammatory conditions before being abandoned owing to toxicity (Duffin and Campling, 2002). Antimonials were reintroduced, in a pentavalent form, in the early twentieth century to treat parasitic infections. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and meglumine antimoniate (MGA) are pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+) derivatives of phenylstibonic acid. Pentavalent antimonials have been first-line treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) since the early twentieth century and remain in widespread use in endemic regions. Emerging resistance and the availability of less toxic, although much more costly, alternatives is now limiting the use of antimonials in some locations and in higher income countries.
Metallic poisons *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Antimony is used in alloys, type metal, foil, batteries, ceramics, textiles, safety matches, ant paste, and a number of chemicals, including tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate). Acid treatment of metals containing antimony releases the colorless gas stibine (SbH3).
Did poisoning play a role in Napoleon’s death? A systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Daniela Marchetti, Francesca Cittadini, Nadia De Giovanni
Finally, “the heart and the stomach were placed in separate silver containers in the coffin, but the portion of small intestine that Antommarchi may have given later that year to O’Meara in London and was destroyed in the Royal College of Surgeons’ Museum by a bomb in 1941” [10].c.Table 1 shows that retrospective diagnosis of Napoleon’s death did not appear in the medical literature until the 1960s. Six such articles with overlapping authorship appeared between 1961 and 1982 [4,6,7,9,29,30]. These used the analytical techniques (thermal neutron activation) of the era in studying Napoleon’s hairs. Four papers [4,7,29,30] suggested chronic As exposure. For Smith, As distribution showed that “Napoleon was exposed to arsenic intermittently” [29]. To this regard, a 13 centimetres (cm) long hair had As concentration in the “usual average for the hair” in the proximal and distal four cm, while in the middle five cm of length, As content was larger than normal; no quantitative data were reported. Further, two studies [4,30] suggested that gastric bleeding was due to ulceration caused by calomel (mercury chloride) intake. One paper reviewed clinical, autopsy, and previous toxicological results and concluded that he had exposure to As and several medications, and that he died of gastric cancer [6]. One found higher concentrations of antimony (Sb) explained by tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) [9].
Radiopaque rodenticide
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Maryam Haghighi-Morad, Nasim Zamani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
In cases of zinc phosphide toxicity, radiography is also a possible tool for prediction of progressive symptoms [5]. It has high negative predictive value (97%) but a low positive predictive value (47%) for serious medical outcomes after zinc phosphide ingestion [5]. After a positive abdominal radiograph, follow-up radiography and improvement in symptoms could guide discharge. Antimony potassium tartrate, an emetic often present in zinc phosphide rodenticides, likely causes the early nausea and vomiting and may contribute to the radiopacity.
Prime eligible poisons: identification of extremely hazardous substances available on Amazon.com®
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
James B. Leonard, Elizabeth Quaal Hines, Bruce D. Anderson
Some limitations should be noted. We used the EPA’s List of Extremely Hazardous Substances to determine our search criteria on Amazon.com. This means we did not search for or include other substances (e.g., laetrile, antimony potassium tartrate). While the list of Extremely Hazardous Substances was not established to identify all or only acutely toxic chemical substances, we used it because it is a readily available list of products known to be hazardous. We provided relative toxicities according to Gosselin’s [12] or established government resources. Gosselin’s provides estimates of mortality and not morbidity, so when available, we estimated the practicality of acquiring a fatal dose. Only about one-third of the products were readily available in a fatal dose. Additionally, we searched only on Amazon.com rather than other sites, which sell products like amygdalin tablets [21]. We believe that this structured search provided a thorough evaluation and adequately presents the issue that potent toxins are readily available. Due to a lack of funding, we did not purchase any of the products. The process involved in adding the products to the cart and progressing to “place your order” was similar to other purchases we have made on Amazon.com®. Amazon does restrict product listing for some hazardous items, but clearly not all extremely hazardous products are included. It is possible that restrictions occur after the order is placed, but the history in the case that sparked this study suggests any current restrictions are inadequate. Finally, our study was performed over a short period of time and availability of these products may vary with some periodically unavailable. Regardless, the fact that they were available at any time is concerning. We would argue that availability for a single day resulting in purchase and a potentially preventable death is just as important as indefinite availability.