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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Trypanosomiasis Sleeping sickness. Deaths in cattle following tsetse fly bites in Africa were noted in 1857 by the missionary surgeon, David Livingstone (1813–1873). English Naval surgeon, John Atkins (1685–1757), mentioned’ a fly disease of African horses known as ‘nagna’ in 1734. The first accurate description, called kondee in Africa, was given by an English doctor, Thomas Masterman Winterbottom (1765–1859) who practiced in Sierra Leone. The causative agent was identified in the blood of the diseased animals by Sir David Bruce (1855–1931) in 1894. The first trypanosome to be identified was in a salmon by Gabriel Gustav Valentin (1810–1909) in 1841. The name for the genus of the protozoal etiological agent was proposed by Hungarian mycologist, David Gruby (1810–1898), following his discovery of the organism in the blood of frogs in 1844. British parasitologist, Timothy Richard Lewis (1841–1886), found Trypanosoma lewisi which infected rats in Calcutta in 1879. A case of human trypanosomiasis was described by Joseph Everett Dutton (1877–1905) in 1902 and named Trypanosoma gambiense. Trypanosoma rhodisiense, cause of sleeping sickness, was discovered by John William Watson Stevens (1865–1946) and Harold Benjamin Fanthom (1875–1937) in 1910. See Trypanosoma cruzi, trypanosomicidal drugs.
The Role Of Vaccines For The Control Of Human Parasitic Diseases
Published in F. Y. Liew, Vaccination Strategies of Tropical Diseases, 2017
For the foreseeable future the control of African trypanosomiasis will depend mainly on surveillance and treatment supplemented by control of the tsetse vectors whereas the control of American trypanosomiasis will depend on improved housing and the use of insecticides to eliminate the triatomid vectors.17 For those involved with the control of these diseases the search for methods of treatment would be given a higher priority than the development of vaccines.
Suramin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
As there have been no drugs licensed for use in trypanosomiasis for almost 30 years, recent research has focused on using existing drugs in new regimens, variations of old regimens, and combination regimens of available drugs (Legros et al., 2002). Animal studies have provided insights into the use of older antitrypanosomal medications and the exploration of possibilities with newer agents. There are several reports of combination chemotherapy in experimental models of African trypanosomiasis, including suramin with eflornithine (Bacchi et al., 1994), suramin with bleomycin, diamidines, and arsenical agents (Clarkson et al., 1983; Bacchi et al., 1994). Other combinations with promising synergistic activity in animal models include the combination of suramin with nifurtimox, metronidazoles, and 5-nitroimidazoles (Pepin and Milord, 1994). The combination of a single high dose of suramin (40 mg/kg) followed 5 days later by high-dose oral metronidazole (500 mg/kg) five times daily cleared the brain of infected mice 28 days after experimental infection (Raseroka and Ormerod, 1985b). Using laboratory strains known to be resistant to single drugs, various combinations of antitrypanocidal drugs were trialed in mice (Bacchi et al., 1994). Of note, infection with a melarsoprol-resistant strain responded to eflornithine plus suramin.
Metabolomic profile, anti-trypanosomal potential and molecular docking studies of Thunbergia grandifolia
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Heba A. S. El-Nashar, Ahmed M. Sayed, Hany A. M. El-Sherief, Mostafa E. Rateb, Lina Akil, Ibrahim Khadra, Taghreed A. Majrashi, Sara T. Al-Rashood, Faizah A. Binjubair, Mahmoud A. El Hassab, Wagdy M. Eldehna, Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen, Nada M. Mostafa
Trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a protozoan disease that infects animals and humans transmitted by the bite of Glossina (tsetse) fly carrying Trypanosoma brucei1. Currently, trypanosomiasis affects more than 50 million cattle and 70 million people in sub-Saharan Africa2. The available current medicines record lack of efficiency, resistance, and toxicity, so there is an urgent need for the development of novel, safe, efficacious, cost-effective drugs with new mechanism of action3,4. In African countries where trypanosomiasis is prevalent, natural products (herbal extracts) have traditionally been utilised for centuries and are still extensively used to cure infections and other parasitic diseases5,6. Interestingly, about 30% of the world population has confidence in traditional therapies due to their wide availability and affordability7. Moreover, various drugs like quinine and artemisinin were established as plant-derived potential antiprotozoal agents8.
Design, synthesis, and antiprotozoal evaluation of new 2,4-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]quinoline, 1,3-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]isoquinoline and 2,4-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]quinazoline derivatives
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Jean Guillon, Anita Cohen, Clotilde Boudot, Alessandra Valle, Vittoria Milano, Rabindra Nath Das, Aurore Guédin, Stéphane Moreau, Luisa Ronga, Solène Savrimoutou, Maxime Demourgues, Elodie Reviriego, Sandra Rubio, Sandie Ferriez, Patrice Agnamey, Cécile Pauc, Serge Moukha, Pascale Dozolme, Sophie Da Nascimento, Pierre Laumaillé, Anne Bouchut, Nadine Azas, Jean-Louis Mergny, Catherine Mullié, Pascal Sonnet, Bertrand Courtioux
Furthermore, another neglected disease caused by Trypanosomatidae parasites of the Trypanosoma genus is the human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, almost invariably fatal unless treated. This infection is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. Brain involvement causes various neurological disturbances, including sleep disorders, progression to coma and, ultimately, death. There are two clinical forms: the slowly progressing form (gambiense HAT), caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (currently 98% of cases), and the faster progressing form (rhodesiense HAT), caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. As a neglected tropical disease targeted by the WHO for elimination, a historically low number of cases (<1000) was reported in 2018. The recent approval of a new medicine (fexinidazole) for the treatment of gambiense HAT has opened new possibilities for the management of cases and thus led to recent WHO interim guidelines for this treatment27. A veterinary form of this parasitic disease exists. Named Nagana, it is caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei which contaminates African livestock, thus having a significant economic impact.
Metal nanoparticles restrict the growth of protozoan parasites
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Nthatisi Innocentia Molefe, Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan, Charles Obiora Nwonuma, Omokolade Oluwaseyi Alejolowo, Tomilola Olaolu, Rotdelmwa Filibus Maimako, Keisuke Suganuma, Yongmei Han, Kentaro Kato
Toxoplasmosis is another parasitic disease that constitutes a huge public health challenge. Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a common parasitic disease capable of infecting a range of hosts, including nearly one-third of the human population [12]. Current treatment options for toxoplasmosis patients are limited; they include the use of anti-malarial drugs or antibiotics, which often cause significant side effects [13]. Thus, as with Trypanosomosis, this infection represents large global burden that is further enhanced by the shortcomings of available therapeutic options. These factors underscore the need for better anti-T. gondii treatment and/or new treatment approaches. Taken together, new antiprotozoals are urgently required, as most of the current treatment options have limitations such as poor efficacy, drug resistance, toxicity, high cost or unsuitable pharmacokinetic properties [1].