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Wastewater treatment *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Ecological sanitation, or EcoSan for short, is an approach to sanitation that seeks to close the nutrient resource loop with agriculture. Though the approach can be applied in a number of ways, including when resources are recovered from biosolids produced by municipal-scale wastewater treatment, it is most often associated with a urine diversion dry toilet, which does not use water for flushing and separates solid excreta from urine. Both the solid and liquid wastes in a urine diversion dry toilet may be used in agriculture and the solid excreta may be composted. This is also possible in other sanitation types and at a municipal scale.
Urinary diversion in the treatment of refractory bladder pain syndrome
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2019
Simone Buchardt Brandt, Hans Jørgen Kirkeby, Anne Sofie Virring Brandt, Jørgen Bjerggaard Jensen
In this present study, the group of SCX tended to be younger than the non-cystectomy group at the time of primary surgery. When investigating the pre-operative symptomatology, it was found that patients who had experienced pain refractory to several analgesics or used the pain team had increased risk of persisting pain and thereby reoperation with SCX. Moreover, the patients treated sufficiently with a urine diversion alone were generally more affected with urgency and frequent voiding. Andersen et al. [14] observed no risk associated with age at primary surgery (p = 0.93), whereas this association has been observed in other studies [19]. Norus et al. [15] did not describe the age as a risk factor;however, they present a remarkably high success rate in a cohort with the median age of 59 and duration of symptoms for only 4 years. None of the above-mentioned studies have investigated the symptomatology prior to surgery in relation to the surgical outcome.
Update on vesicovaginal fistula: A systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2019
Ahmed S. El-Azab, Hassan A. Abolella, Mahmoud Farouk
Spontaneous closure of the VVF should be attempted. The rate with which this occurs is likely to be underestimated [42]. Management consists of a 6–8-week period of continuous catheter drainage, antibiotics and anticholinergics to allow urine diversion and spontaneous closure before epithelialisation of the fistula track. The reported rate of spontaneous closure ranges from 11% to 15% [17]. RT-induced VVFs, however, are seldom if ever associated with spontaneous closure.