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Vulvar and extragenital clinical sensory perception*
Published in Miranda A. Farage, Howard I. Maibach, The Vulva, 2017
Miranda A. Farage, Kenneth W. Miller, Denniz A. Zolnoun, William J. Ledger
A prospective trial of feminine wet wipes and dry toilet tissue conducted in France among groups of pre- and post-menopausal women is instructive. The trial examined both clinically observable skin irritation and wetness and subjective sensory responses to the two types of products in 120 premenopausal women aged 18–45 years and in 60 postmenopausal women aged 55–80 years who were not on hormone-replacement therapy (34). Participants used either the wet wipes or dry tissue for menstrual or post-urination cleansing for 28 consecutive days (beginning 2–4 days before the onset of menstrual flow in premenopausal women). Premenopausal women were assessed on days 2–4 of the cycle and 2–4 days prior to the onset of the menstrual period. Postmenopausal women were assessed on study days 14 ± 2 and 28 ± 2.
Wastewater treatment *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Ecological sanitation, or EcoSan for short, is an approach to sanitation that seeks to close the nutrient resource loop with agriculture. Though the approach can be applied in a number of ways, including when resources are recovered from biosolids produced by municipal-scale wastewater treatment, it is most often associated with a urine diversion dry toilet, which does not use water for flushing and separates solid excreta from urine. Both the solid and liquid wastes in a urine diversion dry toilet may be used in agriculture and the solid excreta may be composted. This is also possible in other sanitation types and at a municipal scale.
Nonpharmacological approaches to the care of dementia with Lewy bodies
Published in John O'Brien, Ian McKeith, David Ames, Edmond Chiu, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's Disease Dementia, 2005
degree of respect and attention to the comfort of the other person. The methodology for providing ADL with dignity is yet to be definitively established, but some gains have been made. Procedures for bathing, for example, based on work by Sloane et al (1995), are presented in a video (Barrick et al, 2003). Technological innovations may also help with some ADL, such as the use of wash-and-dry toilets for toileting (Cohen-Mansfield and Biddison, in press), the use of various nonrinse products for bathing (see http://www.bathingwithoutabattle.unc.edu/main_page.html), or improved equipment to warm the bathroom to avoid patients being cold before or after bathing. Finally, in order to optimize nonpharmacological interventions in general, and ADL care in particular, it is also crucial to pay attention to the demands on the caregiver. Some tasks require more than one caregiver, while others require technology or modifications in environmental design to spare caregivers from discomfort or injuries, which are extremely common (Cohen-Mansfield et al, 1996).
Neglect of Menstrual Disorders in Reproductive Health Care in India: A Population-Based Survey
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2018
Enu Anand, Prakash Kumar, Sayeed Unisa, Jayakant Singh
The majority of the sample had access to tap water (67%) and flush or pit-dry toilets (73.1%). Most of the women were currently married (94%). Around 46% of women had married before the age of 18. One in five women were educated up to higher secondary or above. Ninety percent of women had one or more living children. Stillbirth had been experienced by 2.3% of women, and 2% of women had had an abortion. Also, 46% of women had had a sterilization operation, 9% were using IUDs, and 13% were using oral contraceptives.