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Types of excreta disposal system
Published in Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem, Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 2018
Sandy Cairncross, Richard Feachem
A septic tank is a watertight settling tank to which wastes are carried by water flushing down a short sewer. A septic tank does not dispose of wastes; it only helps to separate and digest the solid matter. The liquid effluent flowing out of the tank remains to be disposed of, normally by a soakage pit or drainfield, and the sludge accumulating in the tank must be periodically removed.
Wastewater treatment *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
In Jakarta, Indonesia, homeowners without access to municipal wastewater systems are required to operate household scale septic tank systems, but surveys show that most septic systems are in disrepair and that companies emptying the tanks often illegally discharge waste into city canals (Asian Development Bank 2009). DEWATS (the decentralized wastewater treatment systems) refer to decentralized, neighborhood simplified sewer systems connecting individual households, or community sanitation centers that are shared, coupled with passive anaerobic treatment (for more information, please see Key recommended reading, The Water Sanitation Program 2013). Though these systems have coupled one form of treatment with distribution, this does not need to be the case, and some DEWATS operate differently.
Hydrogeochemical characterization, multi-exposure deterministic and probabilistic health hazard evaluation in groundwater in parts of Northern India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Herojeet Rajkumar, Pradeep K. Naik, Gagandeep Singh, Madhuri Rishi
F- concentration varies from 0.06 to 1.20 mg/L with mean (0.22 mg/L) (pre monsoon), and 0.05 to 0.50 mg/L with mean (0.20 mg/L) (post monsoon) and within the permissible limit for human intake i.e. 1.5 mg/L (BIS 2012) (Table 2). Only 3% sample during pre monsoon is above the F- acceptable limit (1.0 mg/L) of BIS (2012). The groundwater classification based upon F- content by Adimalla et al. (2019) and Singh et al. (2020b) is summarized in Table 3. All groundwater samples for both seasons are categorized in class-I (<0.5 mg/L; conducive to dental caries), except one sample (S13 in the central part of the study area) during pre monsoon. NO3- content in pre and post monsoon seasons ranges from 2.6 to 38.8 mg/L and below detection limit (BDL) to 18.9 mg/L respectively (Table 2) and within the guideline limit (45 mg/L) of BIS (2012). Table 3 shows that all groundwater samples are categorized into low risk NO3- content class as per Adimalla et al. (2019) and Singh et al. (2020b). Analytical results revealed that few groundwater sampling locations mostly confined to the Baddi industrial region showed an elevated level of NO3-. Anthropogenic factors like municipal and industrial discharges, seepage from the septic tanks, and drainage channels are the contributing factors for NO3- in the study area (Rao et al.2012, Singh et al.2019, Wang et al.2021).
Drought-related cholera outbreaks in Africa and the implications for climate change: a narrative review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Gina E. C. Charnley, Ilan Kelman, Kris A. Murray
Disruption to rural livelihoods accelerates urban expansion, forcing people into urban areas to find work. This increases unplanned urban growth which can lead to poverty and creation and expansion of informal urban settlements, a suggested risk for cholera [19,38]. Displacement to urban areas can lead to vulnerable living conditions due to unplanned urban development and sprawl, as infrastructure cannot improve in line with population growth [26–29]. Issues in urban development include a lack of health-care facilities and often an uncontrolled informal health-care sectors, which can contribute to antimicrobial resistance and increased mortality rates [29,30]. During cholera outbreaks, this can also lead to a lack of oral rehydration therapy, which can significantly increase mortality [17]. Rapid increases in urban population cause water shortages, with Douala in Cameroon suggesting that only 40% of the city’s needs were met. Low flow, poor access, and insufficient municipal services are issues, leading to septic tank dumping, stagnation, and resultant contamination [29]. This forced residents to improvise with new sources of water, which are often shared for multiple purposes, such as livestock, washing, cooking, and drinking. Wells are often un-regulated and un-protected making them vulnerable to bacterial contamination [28], while private wells dug by residents are often shallow (<1 m), making them liable to contamination [17,29].
Spatial distribution, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risk assessment of some parameters controlling drinking water quality at selected primary schools located in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Tapos Kormoker, Abubakr M. Idris, Mohammed Mahmud Khan, Tanmoy Roy Tusher, Ram Proshad, Md. Saiful Islam, Sujan Khadka, Shaira Rahman, Md. Humayun Kabir, Satyajit Kundu
Furthermore, microbiological contamination mostly associated with fecal contamination is a major problem in water portability (PCRWR 2005). In general, microbial contamination of the groundwater and reservoirs is attributed to the leakage of pipelines and unplanned sanitation and drainage. According to a report by Kahlown et al. (2006), a damage of water pipelines could be a source of bacterial contamination. A leakage of septic tank can also introduce bacteria into the surrounding water sources (Rahman and Rahman 2018). The literature reported three groups of coliform bacteria (total coliforms (TCs), fecal coliforms (FCs), and Escherichia coli) that could be found in water (New York State, Department of Health 2020). Each species can act as an indicator of drinking water quality and each has a different level of risk. Coliform bacteria are also considered indicator organisms since they signify the possible existence of bacteria that can potentially cause illness through water. The appearance of coliform bacteria in water does not indicate that the consuming water causes infection; however, their existence means the contamination of water through the sources possessing disease-causing bacteria, which can cause serious health implications (Swistock et al.2013). Some studies (Hasan et al. 2019, Saha et al. 2019) reported that drinking water contamination by coliform bacteria (TCs and FCs) significantly increased the occurrence of various water-borne diseases including diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, and hepatitis A and B in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is mandatory to access the quality of drinking water using bacteriological tests, especially the presence of TCs and FCs in water.