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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
Bergman et al. (1988) state that there is frequent variation in the muscles that compose the urethral sphincter, but do not list any specific variations. Variations of sphincter urethrae are not described in Liu and Salem (2016) or Tubbs and Watanabe (2016). Oelrich (1983) states that in females, compressor urethrae may sometimes join the urethrovaginal sphincter near the anterior border of the vagina, instead of joining it ventral to the urethra.
Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Pedro Abreu-Mendes, João Silva, Francisco Cruz
The function of the lower urinary tract (LUT) is dependent upon the following:Bladder smooth muscle (SM) activity.Striated muscle in the urethral sphincter.Pelvic floor.These structures are a functional unit controlled by a complex interplay between the central and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and local regulatory factors.
Endocrinology and gonads
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
11.23. Which of the following statements is/are true of penile hypospadias?The chordee is often the major functional disability,The urethral meatus is often very narrow.Urethral sphincter is often deficient.Impotence is present in more than 20% of cases.Neonatal circumcision is absolutely contraindicated.
Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercise or therapy with or without duloxetine: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Jae Joon Park, Allison Kwon, Tae Il Noh, Yong Nam Gwon, Sung Ryul Shim, Jae Heon Kim
The striated urethral rhabdosphincter, the bulbocavernosus, and the levator ani are among the pelvic floor muscles activated by PFME, resulting in elevated urethral pressure [1,24]. This intervention is safe and cost-effective against urethral sphincter insufficiency and entails recurrent contraction of the pelvic floor muscles to strengthen the muscles and increase resistance. As a result, urinary continence is improved [2,25]. In the study of van Kampen et al., both the time to recovery of continence and the amount of incontinence showed a significant advantage in the PFME group, and in the studies of Filocamo et al. and Alan et al., a positive effect of PFME at 6 months in the PFME group was reported [11,26,27]. The pooled overall OR of patients achieving urinary continence in this meta-analysis for PFME versus no treatment was 1.73, which was not statistically significant, but suggested the therapeutic effect of PFME on PPUI.
Effect of udenafil administration on postmicturition dribbling in men: a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical study
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Kyungtae Ko, Won Ki Lee, Sung Tae Cho, Young Gu Lee, Tae Young Shin, Min Soo Choo, Jun Hyun Han, Seong Ho Lee, Cheol Young Oh, Jin Seon Cho, Hyun Cheol Jeong, Dae Yul Yang
In patients who undergo radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, the main cause of stress urinary incontinence is insufficient external urethral sphincter tone. However, many patients suffer not only from stress urinary incontinence but also PMD symptoms, causing leakage after normal urination [8]. PMD symptoms in patients who undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) are caused by the loss of postvoiding urethral milking caused by sensory nerve damage to the external urethral sphincter, independent of damage in the bladder or urethral sphincter. Until now, the only treatment available for PMD after RRP was perineal squeezing. Nonetheless, there was a breakthrough in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in RRP patients after the introduction of penile rehabilitation. Similarly, daily doses of a PDE5i can promote rehabilitation and mild congestion of the penis at urination, thereby reducing the residual urine volume in the bulbar urethra and improving PMD symptoms [9]. Future studies should not only focus on elderly patients but also patients after RRP.
Managing autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a review of emerging drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Jacky Ganguly, Mandar Jog
The primary function of urinary bladder is the storage and voiding of urine. This is facilitated by a synchronization between detrusor muscle and urethral sphincter, which in turn is related to the neuronal networks in the spinal cord and brain. The detrusor muscle and the internal urethral sphincter are supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and are under involuntary control while the external urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and supplied by the pudendal nerve. While sympathetic stimulation causes detrusor relaxation and urethral sphincter contraction and aids storage, parasympathetic stimulation has the opposite effect and causes voiding [13]. Fifty-five to eighty percent of PD patients complain of bladder dysfunction at some point in time. Both storage (urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia, with or without incontinence) and voiding (slow and/or interrupted stream, terminal dribble, hesitancy and straining) symptoms occur in PD [14]. Nocturia, a common symptom in PD may be due to nocturnal polyuria, characterized by increased nocturnal urine production of more than 20–33% of the entire 24-h volume [15]. Reduced bladder capacity, poor compliance and detrusor overactivity (DO) have been shown in urodynamic studies [16]. The proposed mechanism for overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in PD is disruption of the dopamine D1-GABAergic direct pathway and its GABAergic collateral to the micturition circuit, resulting in loss of inhibition of the micturition reflex and OAB symptoms [17–19].