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The prostate and seminal vesicles
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Urethroscopy may reveal inflammation of the prostatic urethra, and pus may be seen exuding from the prostatic ducts. The verumontanum is likely to be enlarged and oedematous. In many men with the symptoms described above, all investigations are normal.
Carcinoma in Situ
Published in George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen, The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
George M. Farrow, David C. Utz
A total of 12 specimens had in situ carcinoma in the distal ureteral mucosa: 7 with involvement of both ureters, 1 with involvement of the right ureter, and 4 with involvement of the left ureter. In no instance did in situ carcinoma of the distal ureteral mucosa exist independently of a concomitant change in the homolateral ureteral orifice and adjacent trigone mucosa. A total of 12 specimens had in situ carcinoma of the vesical neck, and 13 specimens had the urethra involved. A total of 7 of the 19 specimens from male patients showed extension of the in situ carcinoma into the periurethral prostatic ducts. This was often extensive and invariably was associated with in situ carcinoma in the contiguous urethral mucosa. In many bladders, similar extension was demonstrated into the submucosal nests of Brunn (see Figure 5A).
Pelvis and perineum
Published in David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings, McMinn’s Concise Human Anatomy, 2017
David Heylings, Stephen Carmichael, Samuel Leinster, Janak Saada, Bari M. Logan, Ralph T. Hutchings
Prostate - consists of glands embedded in a mass of connective tissue and smooth muscle arranged as a peripheral zone with a central zone around and posterior to the urethra. The prostate secretes about 30% of the seminal fluid (p. 201), is about the size and shape of a chestnut (normally there is a midline groove, lies inferior to the bladder (Figs. 7.3, 7.4) and is supported inferiorly by the urogenital diaphragm. The urethra runs through the gland (see below) and about 12 minute prostatic ducts discharge the secretion into it, in addition to the two larger ejaculatory ducts (see below).
Utilizing clinical, pathological and radiological information to guide postoperative radiotherapy in prostate cancer
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Jerusha Padayachee, Simone Chaudhary, Brian Shim, Jonathan so, Remy Lim, Srinivas Raman
Over the last decade, there has been increasing utilization of molecular imaging in guiding cancer therapy through initial staging, assessment of treatment response, and identifying relapse. In the setting of prostate cancer, PET/CT using PSMA tracers radiolabelled with 68-Gallium (68Ga) or 18-Fluorine (18F) has emerged as an important imaging modality. PSMA is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. In normal human prostate, PSMA is localized to the cytoplasm and apical side of the epithelium lining prostatic ducts [76]. With malignant transformation of prostate tissue, PSMA is transferred to the luminal surface of the ducts [76]. To that end, PSMA offers 100–1000 fold increase in expression of prostatic cancer cells compared with normal tissue, making it an ideal molecular imaging target [77]. In addition, PSMA is easily internalized into prostate cancer cells once bound by small radiolabelled molecules such as 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-DCFPyL [78].
Prognostic and clinicopathological value of CDK12 mutation in prostate cancer: a meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Wenjian Zhang, Lushan Zhou, Jianzhong Di
PSA is a serine protease secreted by prostate epithelial cells and secreted directly into the prostate duct system. The normal prostatic duct is surrounded by a blood-epithelial barrier, which prevents PSA from entering the blood directly, thus maintaining a low concentration of PSA in the blood. PCa is a neoplastic proliferation of prostate epithelial cells, which increases the secretion of PSA. PCa also disrupts the blood-epithelial barrier, increasing PSA levels in the blood. Although there is no significant difference in PSA at diagnosis shown in this review, compared with controls, after 12 weeks of abiraterone treatment, the PSA50 (PSA declines over 50% from baseline) response rate was very low in the CDK12 mutation group [15]. Patients with CDK12-mutated displayed lower PSA50 rate and PSA-PFS than other homologous recombination (HR) pathway genes defect (such as BRCA2, ATM) or controls [20–22]. On the contrary, none of the three CDK12 patients exposed to a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) attained a PSA50 response [18]. In addition, PSA50 responses to a variety of systemic therapies among CDK12-mutated advanced hormone-sensitive PCa (HSPC) and CRPC are different. PSA50 response rate was higher in those who underwent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for mHSPC than those CRPC patients [23] [23].
The effect of Jiedu Huoxue decoction on rat model of experimental nonbacterial prostatitis via regulation of miRNAs
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Zhangren Yan, Chunhua Huang, Gang Huang, Yunbo Wu, Jiangang Wang, Jun Yi, Wenli Mao, Wanchun Wang
After model establishment, three rats were randomly selected from the model establishment group and normal control group respectively for histopathological examination of the prostate (hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining). The pathological changes of the prostatic parenchyma and stroma in the experimental rats were observed under microscope. The pathological manifestations of the prostate were graded as follows (Xu et al. 2002): grade 0: no inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostatic stroma, and there was uniform pink secretion in the glandular cavity; grade I: a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostatic stroma and the endocrine secretion in the glandular cavity was decreased; grade II: a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostatic stroma and the endocrine secretion in the glandular cavity was obviously decreased and disappeared; grade III: A large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the prostatic stroma, and the wall of the prostatic duct was destroyed.