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Ailments and Diseases
Published in James Sherifi, General Practice Under the NHS, 2023
Alpha-blockers drugs were introduced for the management of the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy. GPs still catheterised patients, but district nurses also began taking on that task. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) was introduced in 1986 and, alongside digital rectal examination, used as a screening test for prostate cancer.
Probability and randomness
Published in R. Paul Thompson, Ross E.G. Upshur, Philosophy of Medicine, 2017
R. Paul Thompson, Ross E.G. Upshur
On the subjectivist interpretation, probability is an expression of an individual’s degree of belief (strength of belief) in a proposition (a claim) about events, such as the likelihood of an event occurring under certain circumstances or of a causal connection between events. Different rational individuals will have different degrees of belief in a proposition even when it is based on the same body of evidence. This interpretation captures the intuition that different people will have different thresholds of evidence for belief in a proposition. Consider the case of the prostate-specific antigen test (PSA test).
Generating nursing knowledge
Published in Chambers Mary, Psychiatric and mental health nursing, 2017
Tim Thornton, David Crepaz-Keay, Sebastian Birch, Jan Verhaegh
Mr Smith is a 65-year-old man who visits his GP because recently he needs to pass urine more frequently but is having difficulty. With his permission, his GP performs a digital rectal examination of Mr Smith’s prostate. He also requests an oncology appointment for a prostate-specific antigen test whose levels are raised if there are cancerous cells in the prostate, as well as to run an ultrasound in order to determine its size. From these diagnostic tests, the stage and grade of any cancer in Mr Smith’s prostate can be determined, and the progress of the disease monitored and treatment adjusted accordingly.
Psychosocial mechanisms of a behavioral treatment for urinary incontinence of prostate cancer survivors
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2020
Amy Y. Zhang, Christopher Burant, Alex Z. Fu, Gerald Strauss, Donald R. Bodner, Lee Ponsky
A total of 244 participants, including 162 intervention group subjects and 82 control group (usual care) subjects, were examined in this study. The groups were of similar age (mean = 65 years), race (63% Whites and 35% Blacks in both groups), marital status (65%–63% married, respectively), education (38%–34% college or higher degree, respectively), and employment status (44% employed in both groups). The majority of participants in both groups had stage I or II cancer (94%–95%, respectively), surgery (53%–57%, respectively), radiation (54%–48%), elevated comorbidity (Charlson index score range of 0.7–0.95), and were overweight (mean BMI = 29 kg/m2). They had similar median Gleason scores (6.6–7), current Prostate-specific antigen Test (mean: 0.72–0.49), and use of medications. Their mean incontinence history was 33.2 and 26.9 months, respectively, and mean frequency of leakage was 2.8 times daily. There was no significant difference in sociodemographic and medical attributes between the study groups (see Table 1).
The applications of metabolomics in the molecular diagnostics of cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Pro Kit Cheung, Man Hin Ma, Hing Fung Tse, Ka Fai Yeung, Hin Fung Tsang, Man Kee Maggie Chu, Chau Ming Kan, William Chi Shing Cho, Lawrence Bo Wah Ng, Lawrence Wing Chi Chan, Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer. Not only in Hong Kong, prostate cancer is also among the top three most common cancer in men in Western countries [31]. Two common screening tests for prostate cancer are digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen test [31]. However, these tests have limitations in sensitivity and specificity which could lead to false positive or false-negative results. To diagnose a prostate cancer, a prostate biopsy is still needed.