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Incontinence (Urinary)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
There are several types of incontinence: (1) stress incontinence is leakage of urine from laughing, coughing, sneezing, exercising; (2) urge incontinence is involuntary leakage of urine from the bladder when a sudden strong need to urinate is felt; (3) overflow incontinence involves incomplete bladder emptying; (4) functional incontinence is a condition that impairs the ability to relieve oneself in time; and (5) mixed incontinence. The goals of treatment are to restore continence, reduce in the number of UI episodes, and prevent complications.1 Incontinence can often be cured or controlled.
Meeting personal needs: elimination
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
The DH (2010) defines continence as: ‘people’s control of their bladder and bowel function’ (p. 7). Urinary incontinence is the inability to control the leakage of urine and is a common and distressing problem (Wallace et al. 2009). Faecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary passage of faecal material through the anal canal (Deutekom and Dobben 2012). This section focuses on understanding the causes and effects of incontinence and practical issues of management, but not specialist interventions. Continence is a huge topic to which whole books are devoted; for example, Getliffe and Dolman (2007) cover all aspects in detail.
Tumors of the Spine, Intervertebral Disk Prolapse, the Cauda Equina Syndrome
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Patrick J. Shenot, M. Louis Moy
Urologic management of a patient with neurogenic voiding dysfunction due to spinal pathology should be guided by the patient's symptoms and in accordance with sound urologic principles. In patients with significant urinary retention, intermittent catheterization is generally preferred since most of these patients do not have compromised upper extremity function. Management of incontinence should be guided by clinical and urodynamic findings. Detrusor overactivity can be managed with regular bladder emptying combined with antimuscarinic medications or intradetrusor botulinum toxin.
The prevalence of urinary incontinence in obese women and its effect on quality of life
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Our study was conducted to examine the incidence of urinary incontinence in obese women and its effect on quality of life. In the study, the mean age of the obese women was 52.19 ± 8.83. Their average weight was 91.79 ± 12.16 kg and their average height was 1.57 ± 0.05 m. The mean BMI was 37.34 ± 4.85, the mean number of pregnancies was 4.39 ± 2.31, and the average number of births was 3.18 ± 1.62. In the study conducted by Bilge (2016), the average age of the obese women was 44.36 ± 14.39. In the study conducted by Balcı et al. (2013), the mean age was 43.43 ± 10.57, the average weight was 92.32 ± 18.55 kg, and the average BMI was 35.49 ± 5.70. Age and obesity are among the most important risk factors in urinary incontinence. In some studies, it has been found that urinary incontinence increases with increasing age (Agarwal & Agarwal, 2017; Ciftci & Gunay, 2011; Ozturk et al., 2012). In the present study we think that these two conditions will affect urinary incontinence due to the high average age and the presence of obesity in women. Our research results are similar to other study findings in the literature.
Lichen sclerosus of the vulva
Published in Climacteric, 2021
Architectural alteration is common with significant narrowing of the vaginal introitus. The cervix is not involved (in contrast to lichen planus on the cervix, which can be seen as a white plaque without acetic acid application), although rarely the vagina may be involved, especially if there is a significant vaginal prolapse, when the mucosa may become keratinized and develop the disease [17,18]. Perianal lesions occur in women in 30% of cases. Dyspareunia occurs in the presence of erosions, fissures or introital narrowing. Urinary symptoms and urinary incontinence may also be described. Anterior and/or posterior fusion of the vaginal labia can lead to a narrowing of the introitus. If this is significant and causes dyspareunia, surgery may need to be considered, using part of the posterior vaginal wall in the reconstruction to prevent further adhesions, stenosis or fissuring [19] (Figure 1).
Clinical manifestations and evaluation of postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Faustino R. Pérez-López, Pedro Vieira-Baptista, Nancy Phillips, Bina Cohen-Sacher, Susana C. A. V. Fialho, Colleen K. Stockdale
The subjective assessment of VVA and sexual function/dysfunction may include some standardized questionnaires or tests that may be used at baseline and then after any given intervention/treatment in a longitudinal follow-up using standardized outcomes. During recent years, different questionnaires have been proposed for a comprehensive assessment of VVA symptoms (Table 2), including the most bothersome symptoms [38], the Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging Questionnaire [39], the Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire (VSQ) [30,31], and the Vaginal and Vulvar Assessment Scale [40]. Urinary symptoms can be studied with the three-item International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire [41]. These tools allow being used in longitudinal studies of different treatments or interventions. When both vulvovaginal and urinary incontinence symptoms were evaluated in women in their late fifties, it was found that 54.9% had urinary incontinence, 54.1% were sexually active, and 77.0% currently had a partner. Total VSQ scores (more severe vulvovaginal symptoms) were positively correlated with female age, parity, surgical menopause, being sexually active, having economic problems, phytoestrogen use, and more severe urinary incontinence [31].