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Paediatric clinical pharmacology
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The inhibition of protein function or synthesis can have devastating consequences. Carbon monoxide (CO) binds to haem-proteins disrupting oxygen transport and cellular metabolism. The plant toxin ricin irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis by damaging ribosomes.
The Evolutionary Significance of Drug Toxicity Over Reward
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Edward H. Hagen, Roger J. Sullivan
Figure 9.1 illustrates the basic anatomical and cellular components of the barrier defenses against toxins and other xenobiotics. A plant toxin (represented as a pharmaceutical) comes into contact with a barrier, such as the skin, airways, lung, or intestine. If the toxin manages to enter a cell, such as an enterocyte, it then activates a complex network of proteins that neutralize and remove it in a four-phase process.
Application of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles in drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Mohadeseh Barzin, Amir Mohammad Bagheri, Mandana Ohadi, Amir Masoud Abhaji, Soodeh Salarpour, Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh
As an emerging aspect of drug delivery and information transmission, PELNs-based therapies show attractive advantages, including membrane stability, low immunogenicity, acceptable biodistribution, enhanced loading efficacy, and modifiable surface properties with target specificities as well as inducing functional changes in recipient cells and the possibility of preparation via eco-friendly protocols (Man et al. 2020). The ability to transfer across the BBB and penetrate deep layers of skin would make PELNs suitable candidates for developing many aspects of drug delivery (Dad et al. 2021; Suharta et al. 2021). Further, PELNs-based drug delivery systems could be incorporated with inorganic nanomaterials such as magnetic or thermal-sensitive nanoparticles to achieve versatile hybrid nanoplatforms, which might provide biomedical multifunctionality with enhanced targeted specificities (Dad et al. 2021). However, they may encounter some challenges (Man et al. 2020). For instance, the recently addressed possibility of trichosanthin (a plant toxin) inter-kingdom transmission has raised significant concerns about PELNs’ application. The inability to carry any high quantity of drug might become a considerable limitation, too (Dad et al. 2021). Besides, differences in the size and appearance of PELNs, compared to exogenous exosomes, may lead to the onset of immune system responses and cause treatment failure (Suharta et al. 2021; Kim et al. 2022).
Novel immunotherapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Davide Busato, Monica Mossenta, Lorena Baboci, Federica Di Cintio, Giuseppe Toffoli, Michele Dal Bo
Another option is to conjugate the antibody to a bacterial or plant toxin. Regarding bacterial toxins, two are the most used: Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin. In both cases, the immunotoxins were made by binding the toxin with an antibody or antibody fragment [173,174]. Several modifications were made to make the toxins less immunogenic eliminating epitopes recognized by B cells [175–180] or T cells [181], and modifications to increase immunotoxin weight to avoid renal filtration that correlates with a lower half-life [175,176,182]. The gain by using toxins lays on two characteristics. The first one is their recognized ability to interact with cell pathways potentially different than those targeted by chemotherapeutic agents. In fact, toxins modify and inactivate the elongation factor-2, blocking protein synthesis and making possible a combination therapy with chemotherapy [175,183,184]. The second depends on their ability to kill both active and quiescent cells, highlighting both their potential use to treat tumors with a low replicative rate or resistant to chemotherapy [185] and the need of a conjugation with antibody highly specific for tumor cells to avoid unwanted toxicity [175,186].
The involvement of EGR1 in neuron apoptosis in the in vitro model of spinal cord injury via BTG2 up-regulation
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Fangqian Wu, Ping Zhang, Guohui Zhou
Furthermore, EGR1 acts as a transcription factor to manipulate the expression or activation of other genes, thus motivating neuron apoptosis [10,11]. A prior study revealed that EGR1 was synchronously upregulated with B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) in the early response of acute myeloid leukemia cells to plant toxin stenodactylin [12]. BTG2 has long been identified as an anti-proliferation gene and is associated with cell division, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation [13]. BTG2 has been reported to affect glial cell proliferation in response to cerebral hypoperfusion [14]. Notably, BTG2 participates in neuron apoptosis during postoperative cognitive dysfunction after prebiotic treatment [15].