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Exposure to Air Pollution: How Particles Enter the Body
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
The ways through which micro- and nanoparticles are introduced into the body are various, and we have already discussed the topic in several publications, including the already mentioned books Nanopathology: The Health Impact of Nanoparticles (Pan Stanford Publishing, now Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2008) and Case Studies in Nanotoxicology and Particle Toxicology (Elsevier Academic Press], whose reading is essential for the best understanding of what follows.
Identifying Nanotoxicity at the Cellular Level Using Electron Microscopy
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
Kerry Thompson, Alanna Stanley, Emma McDermott, Alexander Black, Peter Dockery
It is useful to note that the sheer mass of particles to reach the cell endocytotically may not be a useful indicator of the dose. Toxicological reactions generally have a linear relationship between the dose and the response, but this is not usually the case with nanotoxicology. When characterising nanoparticle exposure with resultant nanotoxicology, the surface area of the particle available to induce these subcellular alterations must also be taken into account. Furthermore, the route of exposure must be considered. In an in vivo context exposure may be via the following modes: inhalation, penetration of the skin, ingestion, or injection. A protein ‘corona’ generally forms on the exterior surface of the particles as soon as they come into contact with a biological system or in the case of in vitro experiments with proteinaceous cell culture medium (Lynch et al., 2013). This coating will further influence the interaction of the particle with the cell and is often thought to be a key player in determining whether the nanoparticle may be taken up by specific or nonspecific means into the cell (Monopoli et al., 2012).
Medication: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
In toxicology, identification of nanoscale specific effects of particles due to small sizes and large surface areas date from the early parts of the twentieth century, but the emergence of nanoscience has led to further understanding of the mechanisms of action and kinetics of nanoparticle effects. The ability of nanoparticles to cross biological barriers, enter cells, and disrupt subcellular structures was in many cases first discovered through toxicology studies, as well as the induction of oxidative stress as a major mechanism of nanoparticle effects. Thus, in addition to providing warnings of risks and setting boundaries, nanotoxicology research can provide useful insights for the design of nanotherapeutics. Uncovering the impacts and physicochemi-cal roles of nanomaterials that can initiate effects in organisms and the environment will continue to be an important area for research [99,100].
Histological and biochemical evaluation of the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) versus titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on rat parotid gland
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Sara M. Abdel Aal, Maha Z. Mohammed, Abeer A. Abdelrahman, Walaa Samy, Ghadeer M. M. Abdelaal, Raghda H. Deraz, Shaimaa A. Abdelrahman
The great advancement in the technology of nanoparticles has increased their applications, production, and disposal in the environment. The presence of nanoparticles in the environment has become a great concern to scientists and an area of research to assess their toxicity potential. Their novel properties acquired at the nanoscale in comparison to their bulk form (e.g. minute size and larger surface area-to-volume ratio) have resulted in greater chemical reactivity and higher reactive oxygen species production.2 Nanoparticles play a promising role in the nanomedicine field-specific targeting of neoplastic cells as tumor detectors, and in medical radiology as radiotherapy-dose enhancer. Hence, nanotoxicology has evolved as a new discipline to investigate the interactions of nanoparticles with different biological systems.3
Genotoxic potential of different nano-silver halides in cultured human lymphocyte cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Devrim Güzel, Merve Güneş, Burçin Yalçın, Esin Akarsu, Eyyüp Rencüzoğulları, Bülent Kaya
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are some of the most widely used products in technological and industrial applications (Duran et al.2010, Nowack et al.2011, Kamikawa et al.2014, Bhatt et al.2015, Kumar-Krishnan et al.2015). AgNPs have extensive uses in a wide range of areas, such as dyes, cosmetics, food, textiles, medical and biomedical products, and even detergents, with a consumption capacity of hundreds of tons per year (McGillicuddy et al.2017). Depending on their size and the chemical structure of their surface, AgNPs can interact with membrane proteins, attach to target organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei and cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, genotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and even cell death (Donaldson et al.2004, Asharani et al.2009a, Yang et al.2009, Lim et al.2012). As the scope of usage of nanomaterials expands, studies in the field of nanotoxicology have gained importance to determine their toxic and genotoxic effects on human health (Dubey et al.2015).
Assessing regulated cell death modalities as an efficient tool for in vitro nanotoxicity screening: a review
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Anton Tkachenko, Anatolii Onishchenko, Valeriy Myasoedov, Svetlana Yefimova, Ondrej Havranek
A tremendous increase in nanomedicine studies over the last two decades has resulted in a great interest in developing methods to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials. The safety and biocompatibility of nanostructured materials are studied by nanotoxicology (Zielińska et al. 2020; Pumera 2011). Despite a rapid progress in the field, nanotoxicology faces a wide spectrum of challenges. The development of universal protocols in nanotoxicology is challenging due to a large number of factors that may affect the toxic effects of nanomaterials. Moreover, nanosized structures are extremely heterogenous in their chemical nature, structure, physicochemical properties, and size (Chen 2022). All these factors are absolutely critical for their interaction with cells and tissues and determine nanomaterials biological effects, their distribution in the body, entry routes, and their intraorganismal modifications (also possibly affecting their toxicity-mediating characteristics) (Fu et al. 2013).