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Ultratrace Minerals
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Because most fluoride intake is derived from water intake, local geographic influences and addition of fluoride to municipal supplies of tap water largely determine fluoride intake. As a result, fluoride deficiencies severe enough to affect dental enamel and bone density appear to be isolated and uncommon. However, fluoride toxicity is an increasing concern.1046 Acute lethal doses of fluoride in man are 32 to 64 mg/kg, an extremely high dose. Nevertheless, accidental acute fluoride poisoning has resulted in at least 45 deaths (43 from an accidental poisoning in a single hospital in the early 1940s).1046 Of more practical concern is chronic fluoride toxicity, manifested as dental and skeletal fluorosis.1046 Dental fluorosis (ranging in severity from white spots on teeth to hypomineralization with staining and pitting of enamel) is increasing in frequency in the U.S. but, overall, is usually mild with no aesthetic changes. Skeletal fluorosis results from chronic ingestion of 10 to 25 mg of fluoride per day for years. Skeletal hypermineralization, soft tissue calcification (especially tendons and ligaments), and exostosis formation are apparent and may progress to crippling.1046 Thus, fluoride exhibits a narrow window of safe and adequate intake. Bone defects are manifested during both deficiency and toxicity of fluoride.
A systematic review on fluoride-induced epigenetic toxicity in mammals
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Satheeswaran Balasubramanian, Ekambaram Perumal
Fluoride is one of the global groundwater contaminants affecting about 200 million people in around 35 countries (Gupta and Ayoob 2016). Humans are consistently exposed to fluoride from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Increases in these activities might cause fluoride pollution in the groundwater of several fluoride-endemic European, African, and Asian countries (Paudyal et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2018). In many countries, fluoride is added to drinking water (fluoridation) to prevent dental carries, with some reports suggesting their role in bone development (Guan 2021). However, countries like China and India are affected by the high levels of fluoride, with places reaching 2800 mg/l (a natural occurrence) to 10,000 ppm (Bagastyo et al. 2017). Various countries have a permissible limit of 1–1.5 mg/l (ppm) of fluoride and prolonged exposure to fluoride has been shown to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis (Kashyap et al. 2021). In addition, fluoride has also been reported to affect other organs, including the heart, brain, and kidneys (Zuo et al. 2018). The molecular mechanism of fluoride toxicity has been studied extensively and numerous remedial measures, including defluoridation and mitigating fluoride toxicity, are being explored. While most of the studies focus on the genetic aspect of toxicity, fluoride-induced epigenetic alterations remain uncharted.
The effect of simultaneous exposure of human fibroblasts to fluoride and moderate intensity static magnetic fields
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek, Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz, Małgorzata Derewniuk, Monika Paul-Samojedny, Katarzyna Pawłowska-Góral
Weaker fluoride toxicity was also observed when food bioactive substances were used. It has been shown in vitro or in vivo that a treatment with rutin or epigallocatechin gallate significantly decreased the genetic damage and re-established redox homeostasis in cells that had been exposed to F− (Miltonprabu and Thangapandiyan 2015; Umarani et al. 2015). Similar results were found when quercetin, anthocyanins and Ginkgo biloba extracts were used. Moreover, it seems that polyphenols can reduce fluoride toxicity by inhibiting apoptosis (Claudio et al. 2019). In turn, Pal and Sarkar (2014) revealed that resveratrol can be used as a neuroprotective factor to reduce the brain toxicity that is induced by fluoride. The authors performed studies in which supplementation with resveratrol reduced the oxidative stress and metabolic changes in four discrete regions of the rat brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, pons and medulla) after treatment with NaF. Comparable results were also obtained in studies using lycopene and vitamins (Claudio et al. 2019). The aforementioned studies evidently proved that bioactive compounds can diminish fluoride toxicity by restoring redox homeostasis and inhibiting the apoptosis process.
Borassus flabellifer Linn haustorium methanol extract mitigates fluoride-induced apoptosis by enhancing Nrf2/Haeme oxygenase 1 –dependent glutathione metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Joice Tom Job, Rajakrishnan Rajagopal, Ahmed Alfarhan, Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
Fluoride is a trace element that is commonly known for its toxic impacts, especially on teeth, bone, and soft tissues. Drinking water is the primary source of fluoride ion and several countries in the world are having a fluoride level above 1.5 ppm (Tkachenko et al.2021). Fluoride ions are absorbed partly in the stomach and prominent portion in the small intestine (Villa et al.1993). As the intestine is the major site of fluoride absorption, high intake of fluoride has been associated with alterations in the gut microbiota, redox imbalance in intestinal cells, and thereby resulting in rectal barrier damages (Fu et al.2020, Wang et al.2020b). It has also been proposed that increased fluoride intake may be associated with the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), however, no specific dose-limit was reported for the same (Follin-Arbelet and Moum 2016). Besides, the risk of various cancers including that of the colon has been associated with increased water fluoride (Yang et al.2000, Takahashi et al.2001). Fluoride intake has been shown to inhibit the activity of Na/K + dependent ATPase activity in multiple cell types (A and G 2015, Waugh 2019). Subsequently, the absorption of glucose in intestinal cells also gets reduced upon exposure to fluoride (Chen et al.2016). The health impact associated with fluoride toxicity is usually observed as dental and skeletal fluorosis (Shankar et al.2021). Together with this, the fluoride ions are also known to induce enzyme inactivation, redox imbalance, and DNA damage (Zhong et al.2021). It has been proposed that dietary intake of essential nutrients and antioxidants are possible ways to limit the fluoride-induced toxic health impacts (Susheela and Bhatnagar 2002).