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Araceae of Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, South Western Ghats, India
Published in Jayanta Kumar Patra, Gitishree Das, Sanjeet Kumar, Hrudayanath Thatoi, Ethnopharmacology and Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Jose Mathew, P. M. Salim, P. M. Radhamany, Kadakasseril Varghese George
Herbs, corms subglobose. Leaf trichotomously decompound 300–750 mm long, smooth, greenish brown mottles; rachis of the segments 150–200 cm long, shallowly channeled above and with decurrent leaf bases; leaflets sessile, Stolons cylindric, 40–50 x 4–7 mm. Spadix stipitate. Pistillate flowers subspirally arranged; ovary sessile, subglobose, 18–2 x 2–3 mm, greenish, 2/ 3 loculed, style very short, cylindric, 0.5–0.8 x 0.8–1 mm; stigma 2/3-lobed, covered with short unicellular papillae; stamen 1–13 mm high, Fl. & Fr.: March–April.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Colchicum has long been used medicinally for its cathartic and emetic properties as well as a remedy for gout, but not for arthritis. Colchicine is one of several compounds said to both cause and “cure” experimental cancers. 3-Desmethylcolchicine (isolated from Colchicum speciosum) has certain advantages over other antitumor colchicine derivatives, one of which (demecolcine or/V-deacetyl-/V-methylcolchicine) has been recognized, temporarily at least, as a clinically active antitumor agent.10 In bioassay, 3-desmethylcolchicine, has shown significant activity against the L-1210 lymphoid leukemia in mice and cytotoxicity against cells derived from human carcinoma of the nasopharynx.10 Powdered seed have been introduced into alcoholic beverages for homicidal purposes. It has also been used for rheumatism, and as an alterative, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, and sedative.32 Corms are usually sold in transverse slices, notched on one side and sometimes reniform in outline, white, and starchy internally. Widely grown as an ornamental. The poisonous alkaloid, colchicine, is used in manipulating the genetic structure of plants and animals. Drug of choice for acute gout, colchicine is also suggested for Bright’s disease, cholera, colic, skin ailments, and typhus.59
Ethnic Food Plants of Indo-Gangetic Plains and Central India
Published in T. Pullaiah, K. V. Krishnamurthy, Bir Bahadur, Ethnobotany of India, 2017
Rhizomes, corms or tubers are eaten raw or cooked after repeated washing to remove the bitterness and pungency. Tribal men generally dig out underground parts (Arora and Pandey, 1996). Tubers of Alocasia indica, Colocasia esculenta, Typhonium trilobatum, Momordica dioca, M. cochinchinensis, Randia uliginosa, Tacca leuntopetaloides, Dioscorea hispida, D. esculenta, D. alata, D. globosa, D. bulbifera, D. pentaphylla, Amorphophallus konkanensis, A. campanulatus are boiled and taken as staple food during scarcity of food.
Effect of carbon monoxide administration using haemoglobin-vesicles on the hippocampal tissue
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Actually, CO is produced in small amounts in the body, where it possesses anti-inflammatory antioxidant capabilities. It has attracted interest as a possible clinically viable medical agent [8–11]. The two main modes of CO administration are intratracheal and intravenous. Intratracheal administration is the inhalation of CO gas, which has been reported as effective for lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia [12–14], endotoxemia [15], and cardiac hypertrophy [16]. For intravenous administration, CO-releasing molecules (CORM), CO-bound red blood cell (CO-RBC), and CO-bound haemoglobin vesicles (CO-HbV) are experimentally tested. Most CORMs are metal carbonyl complexes with CO bound to them. Various specific triggers initiate the release of CO. For example, CO is released by the effects of esterification, phosphorylation, and photochemical external activation by light of various wavelengths, combinations of thermal degradation and ligand replacement, and replacing ligands [17–21]. Reportedly, CO administration using CORM is effective for treating ischaemia–reperfusion injury of kidney and retinal ganglion cells [22,23], inflammatory bowel disease [24], and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [25]. CO-RBC is produced by isolating RBC from the blood of donor animals and the succeeding exposure to CO gas. It has been reported that CO-RBC improves microvascular function when administered during resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock [26] and reduces hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury [27,28].
Multitargeting approaches involving carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: hybrid drugs against a variety of disorders
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Similar to NO discussed in the preceding paragraph, CO is another gaso-transmitter involved in a multitude of physiological processes, although being a highly toxic molecule43. CO, unlike NO, is a rather stable gas and it is endogenously produced through the degradation haem under the action of the enzyme haem oxygenases (HO; EC 1.14.99.3), more precisely its isoforms HO1 and HO244. These enzymes and the CO produced through their activity, play a protective role against intracellular oxidative stress, and an overexpression of HO1 was reported in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases45. Thus, although CO is highly poisonous compound due to its strong affinity for haemoglobin (Hb), this gas also binds to other haem-containing proteins, such as the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), the NO synthase (NOS), the NADPH oxidase as well as mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase, and this probably endows CO with cytoprotective and homeostatic antiiflammatory properties46. Indeed, in the last decades, CO releasing molecules (CORMs) which allow a controlled release of small amounts of this toxic compound started to be considered for therapeutic applications46,47. The alkyne hexacarbonyl dicobalt(II) complexes are the most well-known CORMs, although many other such chemotypes have been developed46,47.
Drug discovery strategies for modulating oxidative stress in gastrointestinal disorders
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Taraneh Mousavi, Nastaran Hadizadeh, Shekoufeh Nikfar, Mohammad Abdollahi
Being more stable than NO and H2S [169], CO formulations, such as CO gas inhalation, CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) and CO-saturated solutions have been beneficial toward colitis mice ,and H.pylori and drug-induced gastric ulcers, through improving SOD and GSH levels, reducing MDA and suppressing inflammation [166,171]. As with H2S, clinical administration of CO is complicated because of 1) the toxicity of metals, i.e., ruthenium and manganese in the structure of CORM-2 and CORM-3 [171,172], and 2) the tendency of CO to reversibly bind to hemoglobin; hence disturbing oxygen transmission [172]. To this end, metal-free, slow-releasing CORMs like sodium boranocarbonate (CORM-A1) and series of BW-CO-101-121 have been developed [172].