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Ecological Risk Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
In the carburetted water gas process, coal gas was produced and passed into a carburetor, where oil was introduced into the vapor. This oil-gas mixture was superheated to thermally “crack” the oil. Carburetted water gas was thus a mixture of the gaseous products of coal and petroleum. Impurities were removed, and the gas was passed through a scrubber that brought the vapor into direct contact with water. This process increased the thermal content of the fuel, and the form of coal gas produced was known as water gas. One of the scrubbing methods consisted of application of direct electrical current to precipitate the particles of coal tar. This electrical process required transformers and other components containing PCBs used as heat exchange and dielectric fluids. Often, railroads served manufactured gas plants to enable shipping of the gas to consumers.
Hypoxia responsive nano-drug delivery system based on angelica polysaccharide for liver cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Xue Liu, Zhenfeng Wu, Chunjing Guo, Huimin Guo, Yanguo Su, Qiang Chen, Changgang Sun, Qingming Liu, Daquan Chen, Hongjie Mu
Hypoxia, as an important microenvironment of solid tumors, creates a physical barrier. It is an imperative reason for angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, and enhancement of the drug resistance (Teicher, 1994; Harrison & Blackwell, 2004). This barrier will be a challenge for most anticancer drugs to reach the tumor site, which limits the therapeutic effect of drugs (Primeau et al., 2005). Following consideration of the limitation of the microenvironment of hypoxia on tumor treatment, two ways are proposed, which are ‘overcoming the hypoxia’ and ‘dodging the hypoxia’ (Hu et al., 2020). The former means increasing the oxygen content of tumor tissue; the latter refers to the use of water/gas molecules in tumor tissue to enhance the therapeutic effect of hypoxia tumors and weaken oxygen dependence. Apart from that two ways, the strategy of ‘using the hypoxia’ is accepted. A new nanocarrier including azobenzene (AZO) and nitroimidazole (Liu et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2021) can be constructed by using the oxygen-deficient response sensitive bond, so as to realize the stimuli-responsive release of the drug under the tumor microenvironment. So that it can greatly enhance the drug concentration at the tumor site and enhance the chemotherapy effect. In fact, azobenzene is a well-known example of the hypoxia-sensitive factor. The main chain of the carrier material can be easily broken relying on the reduction reaction in a low oxygen environment, and then triggers the release of the drug.
Estimating the injury rates and causes of fatalities in the Japanese mining industry, 1924–2014
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
In the early 20th century, the Japanese mining industry experienced rapid growth. The mining industry became one of the largest employers from the Meiji Restoration period until the end of the Second World War [19]. In 1913, the total number of persons employed in both open pits and underground mines was 263,163 workers, with 730 deaths from accidents in the same year [2]. At the end of the 1950s, increased productivity led to a decrease in the number of workers in the mines [20]. The Mining Act in Japan was enacted in 1950, which selected new projects for exploration [21]. In 1966, the Mining Industry Council prepared the first domestic exploration long-term plan covering six minerals, including copper, lead, zinc, manganese, gold and tungsten. The death rates in mines were higher than in other industries, such as forestry, fisheries, construction, manufacturing, transportation and water, gas and electricity services [22].
Vesicle formation mechanisms: an overview
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
In detergent depletion (Kagawa and Racker 1971), BLFs are formed and vesiculate when detergent is removed from mixed micelles (Lasic 1982, Leng et al. 2002, 2003); the involved kinetics in this method is explained in Section 6.2. BLFs are also formed in calcium ion-induced fusion method in which the depletion of 1988a). In injection methods (Batzri and Korn 1973), lipid solution containing an organic solvent is injected into warm water which causes evaporating the solvent. Lipid precipitates (in the form of bilayers) at the interface of the water/gas bubble (of the evaporated solvent), and while the bubble rises, the precipitated bilayers peel off and form BLFs, which subsequently vesiculate (Lasic 1987, 1988a). The methods, which start from reverse phases (water-in-oil (or W/O) emulsions), such as reverse phase evaporation (REV) (Szoka and Papahadjopoulos 1978), the existence of BLFs is not obvious. In such methods, water droplets stabilised by lipid monolayers are dispersed in an excess of water-insoluble organic solvent. The evaporation of the organic solvent in the REV method disintegrates some of the lipid monolayers and forces the fragments into aqueous solution. The resulting excess of lipid, in turn, contributes to the formation of outer monolayers [and some free lipid may also form BLFs (Lasic 1988a)], and thus, forming vesicles.