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Laboratory Techniques
Published in Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts, Retroviral Testing, 2020
Niel T. Constantine, Johnny D. Callahan, Douglas M. Watts
Blood is collected from veins, arteries, or capillaries. The site of collection has no effect on the outcome of serological tests, although the peripheral veins of the antecubital space are often the site of choice (out of consideration for patient comfort). Phlebotomy is the term used to describe the opening of a vein for a blood collection.
The Decision Process in the Laboratory Diagnosis and Management of Bleeding and Clotting Disorders
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Resistance to heparin therapy in the patient with clinical thrombosis may reflect several different aberrations, which must be addressed one at a time: inadequate maintenance heparin, interruption in therapy (>30 min), absent heparin rebolusing while increasing the maintenance heparin, decreased AT-III, previous doses of heparin in the CCU prior to a coronary bypass procedure, and elevated factor VIII and fibrinogen reducing the aPTT response to heparin. It is important to develop a step-by-step approach that will eliminate the more common causes of the bleeding or clotting problem. After this analysis (collect the blood you need at the first phlebotomy), follow with testing for the less frequent causes.
Vascular Access
Published in James L. MacPherson, Duke O. Kasprisin, Therapeutic Hemapheresis, 2019
The simple phlebotomy is still the technique of choice for that patient with acceptable veins. It is the most readily accessible site for both emergency and routine apheresis treatment. Unlike the dialysis patient, therapeutic treatments require access that will provide flow rates that need never exceed 60 to 100 mℓ/min. The type of equipment being utilized will determine the necessity for a single or double venous access. Continuous flow machines will require the opening of two veins that will allow for comparable flow rates. In the case of the intermittent flow devices, single venous access might be acceptable for treatment, or the utilization of two sites of differing venous flow rates might accomplish the same treatment.
Exploring new frontiers in drug delivery with minimally invasive microneedles: fabrication techniques, biomedical applications, and regulatory aspects
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Niha Sultana, Ayesha Waheed, Asad Ali, Samreen Jahan, Mohd Aqil, Yasmin Sultana, Mohd. Mujeeb
Phlebotomy is a process of making a puncture in vein in order to withdraw blood with the use of cannula for the diagnostic purpose. Blood withdrawal process through phlebotomy has some drawbacks like needle-phobia, requirement of expert or trained professionals, risk of infections, pain associated due to frequent withdrawal as in the case of diabetes. Blood samples are generally collected by piercing the skin from veins. Evacuated collection tube is used to extract the required amount of blood. This method has several disadvantages like excessive bleeding, scarring, fainting, infections, etc. To avoid these drawbacks, the development of MN-based withdrawal has proven to be highly beneficial in diagnostic field. MN technique is useful in extraction of interstitial fluid and blood from the capillaries that are present superficially (500–2000 µm). Interstitial fluid is a good medium for analyte monitoring as it correlates with the concentration of molecules in the blood. Therefore, MN can provide a painless and blood-free system of diagnosis. For MN to extract fluid, it must penetrate deep enough; to ensure this design of MN, material used and dimension of MN must be taken in to great consideration. The study on geometrical effects of mechanical properties of MN revealed the following order of strain withstanding character, i.e. circular>rectangular>square. The circular shape is much more difficult to prepare than rectangular which is mostly preferred [102].
Plasma calprotectin – preanalytical stability and interference from hemolysis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Anne-Birgitte Garm Blavnsfeldt, Tina Parkner, Cindy Soendersoe Knudsen
The blood was drawn from patients undergoing blood sampling for other reasons, at the day of performing the laboratory study, at the hospital's outpatient blood sampling clinics, as well as hospitalized patients, after obtaining verbal consent for additional blood sampling. Phlebotomy was performed by trained phlebotomists using Vacuette® SAFETY Blood Collection Set (greiner bio-one, Kremsmünster, Austria) and BD Vacutainer® K2 EDTA blood tubes (Becton Dickinson, Lyngby, Denmark). The samples were anonymized and transported by hand to the laboratory within 30 min. After centrifugation (3000 g, 5 min), plasma aliquots were transferred into Vacuette® SECONDARY Tube SIMPLEX BC (Greiner Bio-one, Kremsmünster, Austria). In case of visible hemolysis, the sample was discarded. For the hemolysis interference studies, leftover anonymized EDTA plasma samples were collected at the laboratory.
Porphyria: awareness is the key to diagnosis!
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Benjamin Heymans, Wouter Meersseman
Furthermore, there are two specific modalities to treat PCT: regular phlebotomy and hydroxychloroquine. Both have more or less the same efficacy and need the same persistence to induce remission [10]. On the one hand, phlebotomy is the preferred option in case of iron accumulation in the liver. It is often continued till the ferritin level is at the lower border of normal. Adverse events of phlebotomy may be anaemia and syncope. Note that iron chelators are also used sometimes but that they are considered to be less effective than regular phlebotomy [11]. On the other hand, a low dose chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine once a week is an effective alternative. These molecules have shown to mobilize the reservoir of porphyrins in the hepatocytes and will accelerate the urinary elimination of these molecules. This strategy can however lead to more severe photosensitivity in the first months of treatment. Other side effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are mainly retinopathy and liver injury. The latter makes this option contraindicated in advanced liver failure.