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Infectious Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Susanna J. Dunachie, Hanif Esmail, Ruth Corrigan, Maria Dudareva
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed the clinical landscape of HIV care. For patients, this therapy has brought about improvement in the CD4 count and a fall in the HIV viral load. ‘Treatment as prevention’ means that successful suppression of HIV viral load by HAART makes the risk of transmission of HIV from an infected person to their uninfected partner negligible.Some HAART regimens are now available as combined single-tablet, once a day treatment.Anti-HIV drugs are used as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), e.g. for a healthcare worker who receives a needlestick injury from someone with known uncontrolled HIV, or after high-risk sexual intercourse (PEPSI).It has recently been established that prescribing antiretrovirals to people at high risk of acquiring HIV through their sexual lifestyle is effective in lowering transmission (pre-exposure prophylaxis, PrEP).
Developmental Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James H. Tonsgard, Nikolas Mata-Machado
Pulmonary: Embolization is effective and safe.Asymptomatic lesions should be embolized.Ligation of arterial supply.Antibacterial prophylaxis at the time of dental or surgical procedures.
Prophylactic and Preventive Use of Antiepileptic Drugs
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Prophylaxis is the process of guarding against or preventing disease. Prophylactic administration of a drug to a person liable to develop epilepsy as a part of an injury response implies that the agent given will interfere with the process of epileptogenesis. In contrast, prevention means to render impossible by advance previsions, or to keep from happening. Seizures may occur as a secondary effect of a severe head injury. Since physiologic changes associated with a seizure may complicate patient management, AEDs may be given to prevent seizures in high-risk patients.
Reasons for not Using HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia: Mixed-Methods Analyses from a National, Online, Observational Study
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2023
Steven P. Philpot, Garrett Prestage, Martin Holt, Lisa Maher, Bridget Haire, Adam Bourne, Mohamed A. Hammoud
HIV pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical prevention strategy involving the use of antiretroviral drugs by HIV-negative people. PrEP is at least as effective as condoms at preventing HIV.1 In 2018 in Australia, PrEP was approved for public subsidy on Australia’s universal healthcare system, Medicare, ensuring that citizens or permanent residents who need it have subsidized access, costing $41 per bottle of 30 pills if bought from a pharmacy or $6.60 per bottle if a person has a concession card (those receiving benefits from the government).2 Those on temporary visas (such as international students) are able to access free sexual health testing in Australia and obtain a PrEP script, but are not eligible to access subsidized PrEP costs on Medicare. In New South Wales, Australia, the rapid uptake of PrEP among GBM coincided with a significant decline in HIV diagnoses state-wide.3 However, GBM continue to account for the majority (`70%) of new HIV diagnoses in Australia.4
Assessing college students’ interest in university-based oral health information and services
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2023
Stacey B. Griner, Cheryl A. Vamos, Amelia C. Phillips, Joseph A. Puccio, Erika L. Thompson, Ellen M. Daley
Poor oral health, including the health of teeth, gums, and the oral cavity, is an understudied public health issue that can be directly linked to overall health.1 In 2000, the US Surgeon General released a report on oral health, deeming it a “silent epidemic”.2 Poor oral health has been associated with numerous health outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, substance abuse, and eating disorders.2–5 To prevent these outcomes, the American Dental Association recommends regular dental exams and prophylaxis (“cleaning”) appointments to prevent or treat periodontal disease and dental caries.6 While there is a lack of literature specific to the oral health of young adults (ages 18-24), 42% of adults (>30 years) have some form of periodontal disease, which, left untreated, can lead to tooth loss.7 Additionally, 27% of adults age 20-34 years have untreated dental caries,5 which can lead to abscesses and systemic infections.8
Factors correlated with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and use among black adults in the United States: implications for improving HIV prevention
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Kennethea Wilson, Sarahmona Przybyla, Jacob Bleasdale, Steven Gabriel, Natalie Leblanc, Noelle St. Vil
The disproportionate incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among Black people in the U.S. has been driven by significant challenges related to anti-Black racism and stigma, HIV stigma, homophobia, femme-phobia and poverty (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021a; Phillips et al., 2021). In response to the HIV epidemic, the federal government implemented a strategic initiative to prevent new HIV infections by 90% by 2030 through the combined use of proven behavioral and biomedical intervention strategies (United States Department of Health & Human Services, 2020). One effective HIV prevention strategy is the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a medication prescribed orally and/or via injection to at-risk individuals (United States Public Health Service, 2018). Currently, PrEP is available through healthcare providers and prescribed to protect patients who engage in behavioral HIV risks such as condomless sex (i.e., Receptive anal, insertive anal, and/or receptive penile-vaginal) with a person living with HIV (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). Most health insurance plans and state Medicaid programs cover PrEP for eligible patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).