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Sleep and Women's Health
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Sleep is divided into non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep stages. Non-REM sleep is further divided into stages 1, 2, and 3. Normal sleep is comprised of 4–6 cycles through the different stages of sleep. Stage 1, the “dozing off” period, usually lasts for 1–5 minutes. Stage 2, or light sleep, makes up about 50% of total sleep time and is characterized by a slowing of brain activity; reduction in body temperature, breathing, and heart rate; and relaxation of muscles. Stage 3 is the deepest sleep, normally 20% of total sleep time, characterized by further muscle relaxation and slowing of heart rate and breathing. Stage 3 is more prevalent in the first half of the night, reduces homeostatic sleep drive, and is involved in memory consolidation, insight and creativity.15 Slow-wave sleep in stage 3 affects fluid dynamics in the cerebrospinal fluid, increasing flow through the glymphatic system that regulates removal of amyloid-beta and tau.16 Each sleep cycle usually concludes with time in REM, with increasing time in REM the second half of the night. During REM, brain activity picks up while muscles lose their tone (except the eyes and diaphragm). REM plays a role in memory consolidation and motor function.
Assessing Paediatric Development in Psychiatry
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
The reticular activating system is the underlying constellation of basic cortical nuclei and a series of diffuse fibre networks that link these nuclei with key midline subcortical structures and the whole of the higher cortex. The neuronal processes involved in keeping a subject awake and alert utilise, in general, the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. Its counterpart, which is inhibitory in nature and sleep-inducing, is the anticholinergic pathway. Other associative neurotransmitter pathways exist and are further involved in this sleep/wake balance. These pathways vary in degrees of activation and inhibition during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep versus non-REM sleep. The hypothalamus and the pineal gland are involved in further regulating the sleep/wake cycle. This involves the release of cortisol and melatonin in diurnal patterns.
What are dreams, and how do we study them?
Published in Josie Malinowski, The Psychology of Dreaming, 2020
Human sleep is split into two main stages: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep is further divided into three more stages: Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3. These different stages are characterised by various changes in the brain and body.
Sleep is something, not nothing: an interprofessional approach to sleep assessment and treatment to support substance use recovery
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Jennifer Gardner, Margaret Swarbrick, Robert H. Kitzinger
Other basic sleep definitions that are of importance to this topic include circadian rhythm, rapid eye movement (REM) vs. non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and sleep onset latency. Circadian rhythm is defined as the physiological 24-hr time pattern of human life, which includes periods of consciousness/alertness and sleep. This pattern is established early in life through consistent patterning of waking/sleeping, therefore is contextual in nature (Meadows et al., 2017). Sleep progresses through predictable stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with the majority of sleep as NREM. Although REM constitutes less time during a sleep cycle, it does involve high brain activity and is associated with restoration. Sleep onset latency is in essence the ‘time from turning off the light to falling asleep,’ or the time it takes to fall asleep from consciousness. These terms will be important to understand to guide professionals when engaging in assessment and intervention.
The Association between Sleep Problems and Neuropsychological Deficits in Medication-naïve Children with ADHD
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2022
Rikke Lambek, Per Hove Thomsen, Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke, Poul Jennum, Anne Virring Sørensen
Nighttime sleep is characterized by cycles of non-REM sleep and REM sleep (Kirov & Brand, 2014). Non-REM sleep represents a continuum of depth extending from lighter sleep in the initial N1 to deeper sleep in the later N3 (Rošťáková & Rosipal, 2019). In the present study, a lower percentage of N3 (i.e., deep and restorative) sleep was associated with poorer executive function in children with ADHD across objective and subjective measures. Just as a higher percentage of N1 (i.e., light) sleep was associated with poorer performance on executive function and delay aversion tasks. More REM sleep also predicted more delay aversion. Um et al. (2016) previously found percentage of N2 sleep to correlate negatively with verbal IQ and to predict response latency on the Matching Familiar Figures test (a proposed index of inhibitory processes). Although speculative, it is possible that the distribution of the sleep stages is suboptimal in childhood ADHD, thereby compromising neuropsychological function (or vice versa).
Disorders of sleep and wakefulness in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a systematic review
Published in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2021
Diana Lucia, Pamela A. McCombe, Robert D. Henderson, Shyuan T. Ngo
Failure to recognize impairment to sleep microstructure and architecture among ALS patients, is in part due to lack of use of polysomnographic recordings to address sleep issues. In most instances, polysomnography is used when NIV is being considered for patients with ALS. The overnight sleep studies that have been performed to address research questions have generally been conducted in a small series of patients, and have frequently focused on sleep‐disordered breathing (7,24). Of the seven studies we found that utilized polysomnography, all found various degrees of impairment to sleep microstructure and architecture among ALS patients (7,8,14,21–24). The most commonly reported abnormalities are difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep, reduced sleep efficiency, increased stage 1 sleep, and disturbances to the duration of REM and non-REM sleep. While some of these studies reported an association between these sleep abnormalities and clinical indices, this was not consistent among all studies. Thus, current reported associations must be interpreted with caution.