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The travelling athlete
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
It is important to note that these assumptions are limited in that they are considered to apply equally across all individuals, e.g., rate of adjustment. However, we know that jet lag is experienced differently between individuals, and therefore the earlier text provides an incomplete assessment of jet lag. As a result, symptoms of jet lag are typically assessed. While symptoms do not allow for circadian phase to be precisely pinpointed and circadian misalignment quantified, they do provide an indication of jet lag experience at a given time of day (Waterhouse et al., 2003). Standardised questionnaires have been employed previously to character-ise athlete experiences over the course of a day and include the Liverpool John Moore’s Jet Lag Questionnaire (see Waterhouse et al., 2005). Overall, capturing the subjective experience of jet lag coupled with an estimation of circadian phase realignment based off assumptions can help assess jet lag and therefore target management, such as light therapy, meal timing and exercise (see Roach and Sargent, 2019).
Human Rhythms
Published in Sue Binkley, Biological Clocks, 2020
I am not recommending or using a pharmacological approach myself, but there has been a great deal of interest in coming up with a pill to prevent jet lag malaise. One pharmacological strategy has been to attempt to alleviate jet lag with melatonin, whose exogenous administration can cause fatigue and sleep.156 Another has been the administration of a benzodiazepine (triazolam, a drug for insomnia) to achieve phase shifts which have been gotten in animals.157
Other Sleep Modulators
Published in Shojiro Inoué, Biology of Sleep Substances, 2020
Although there are controversial discussions on the modulatory action of melatonin on the circadian sleep-waking rhythm,109 it should be mentioned here that Arendt et al.110 successfully controlled jet lag by the timely use of melatonin, and that Cassone et al.111 found an inhibition of metabolic activity of melatonin on the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus, the pacemaker of the circadian rhythm.
Understanding the role of chronopharmacology for drug optimization: what do we know?
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Akio Fujimura, Kentaro Ushijima
Disruption of the circadian clock by travel across time zones can cause jet lag, which is one of the exogenous circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Melatonin agonists are available for the treatment of insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset in patients with jet lag [101]. In one study, subjects with a history of jet lag-induced sleep difficulty were allocated to receive ramelteon, a MT1, MT2, and MT3 agonist, at doses of 1, 4 or 8 mg or to receive placebo [102]. Ramelteon 1 mg was found to reduce sleep latency in comparison with placebo. In another study, healthy subjects with experimentally induced jet lag were allocated to receive tasimelteon, a MT1 and MT2 agonist, at a dose of 20, 50 or 100 mg or to receive placebo [103]. All doses of the drug significantly reduced sleep latency and improved sleep efficiency. Therefore, melatonin agonists are effective for the treatment of sleep problems in subjects with jet lag.
Effects of long-haul transmeridian travel on physiological, sleep, perceptual and mood markers in Olympic team support staff
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill, Mark J. Campbell, Giles D. Warrington
A recent consensus statement has defined jet lag as a “temporary impairment of sleep and wakefulness, as well as other biological functions, associated with rapid eastward or westward travel across 3 or more time-zones” (Janse van Rensburg et al. 2021, 2032). Jet lag can cause an array of symptoms (Simmons et al. 2015), including poor sleep, gastrointestinal disturbance, negative mood disturbances, and impaired physical and cognitive performance (Forbes-Robertson et al. 2012; Sack 2009; Simmons et al. 2015; Waterhouse et al. 2007, 2004). Symptoms of jet lag are generally more severe and last longer following an eastward flight in comparison to a westward flight (Reilly et al. 1997; Roach and Sargent 2019; Simmons et al. 2015) and when greater number of time-zones are crossed (Reilly et al. 1997; Sack 2009). The human body clock needs time to gradually adjust and consequently the symptoms of jet lag will persist until circadian rhythms shift to a new environment (Sack 2009; Simmons et al. 2015; Waterhouse et al. 2004).
Recent advances in modulators of circadian rhythms: an update and perspective
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Shenzhen Huang, Xinwei Jiao, Dingli Lu, Xiaoting Pei, Di Qi, Zhijie Li
Circadian rhythm plays a very important role in the normal maintenance of organisms, but physical and psychological influences including jet lag, shift work, and diseases can cause a misalignment of the intrinsic oscillators. Jet lag occurs in individuals travelling across multiple time zones, who may suffer from some symptoms including disruption of sleep, gastrointestinal disturbances, decreased vigilance and attention span, a general feeling of malaise, and an increased risk of cancer and heart disease133,134. Shift work is apparent among people employed in factories or social event firms and work from 7 pm to 9 am135. Shift work has become a common phenomenon in society, and was found to be involved in cancer, cardiovascular disease, depression, and infertility. Jet lag and shift work induce rhythm disorder, which can cause a mass of psychological, nervous system, mental health, and physical health problems135. Beyond all that, diseases are closely related to circadian rhythms. Diseases can cause disturbances in circadian rhythms, and disorder in circadian rhythms, in turn, further aggravate the severity of the disease136,137. This section will focus on the relationship between disease and circadian rhythm disorders (Figure 9).